Mktg Plan for Jollibee Essay

Jollibee’s growth is due to its delicious menu line-up – like its superior-tasting Chickenjoy, mouth-watering Yumburger and Champ hamburger, and deliciously satisfying Jollibee Spaghetti -ably complemented with creative marketing programs, and efficient manufacturing and logistics facilities. It is made possible by well-trained teams that work in a culture of integrity and humility, fun and family-like. Every Jollibee outlet welcomes customers with a clean and warm in-store environment and friendly and efficient service. And it is this tried and tested formula of delivering great-tasting food, adherence to world class operating standards and the universal appeal of the family values the brand represents that are driving the expansion of Jollibee both locally and in the overseas market. BUSINESS TREND ANALYSIS Fast food or quick service restaurants have come a long way since 1921 when White Castle, the first fast food hamburger chain, sold burgers at five cents apiece and ended its first day with a US$3. 75 profit. Arguably, A&W was the first fast food restaurant having sold the first frosty mug of A&W root beer for one nickel in 1919. In the Philippines, Tropical Hut Hamburger is reputedly the first hamburger chain dating back to 1965. The trend of eating out spending and fast food expansion as a vehicle to growth will continue as long as there is fierce competition in the workplace. The drive towards competitiveness with longer working hours and no time for home cooking coupled with the people’s continuing desire for new fast food concepts will allow innovative and progressive food chains to prosper. A downside to this is the changing eating habits, which some researches suggest has led to an unhealthy lifestyle. However, fast foods have been made aware of this situation and are starting to offer healthier options. The fast food industry is not without its challenges, especially in the United States. From rising food costs, economic recession and changing perceptions about health, many fast food franchises have been feeling some heat. But rather than flee from this challenge, the fast food industry has been adopting new practices and offering new products. Modern society is on the go, and there is plenty of demand for a quick bite at all times of the day. Fast food franchising opportunities exist in the â€Å"traditional† spaces like burgers and pizza, but are also sprouting up in healthy and unique ways as well. The fast food industry, also known as Quick Service Restaurants (QSR), has been serving up tasty morsels for as long as people have lived in cities. The modern system of fast food franchising is believed to have started in the mid 1930’s when Howard Johnson franchised his second location to a friend as a means to expand operations during the Great Depression. And oh how it has grown! As cars became commonplace, the drive-thru concept brought explosive growth to the idea of food-on-the go. â€Å"Fast Food† was added to the Merrion-Webster dictionary in 1951 and U. S. fast food companies are now franchised in over 100 countries. In the U. S. alone there are over 200,000 restaurant locations! Revenue has grown from $6 billion in 1970 to $160 billion last year, an 8. 6% annualized rate. Fast food franchises focus on high volume, low cost and high speed product.

Damage to the Environment as a Consequence of Worldwide Improvement in the Standard of Living

Damage to environment is an inevitable effect of world-wide betterment in the criterion of life â€Å"The environment is where we all meet ; where all have a common involvement ; it is the one thing that we all share.† —Lady Bird Johnson. The extremely development of scientific discipline and engineering thing effects the populating criterion a batch. Nowadays people suffer from so many jobs for case air pollution, the explosive enlargement of population and the impairment of environment. The environment is formed of the land, air and H2O in which people, animate beings and workss live. A batch of alterations take topographic point in environment daily. Such environmental alterations are impacting a individual ‘s life. Pollution is the most of import factor that makes environment dirty by adding harmful substance to it. Pollution make instability in the environment and besides in human existences life.It is the common job or we can state it is the crisis state of affairs which is enduring by all the universe. The chief types of pollutions are H2O pollution, air pollution, dirt pollution and land pollution which continuously pollutes our surrounding. So here I would wish to set the visible radiation on this affair that how media, public and authorities put their attempts for work outing the environmental issues. some people says that the harm to the environment is an inevitable effect of economic science development. To get down with, allow us cognize what are the causes of environment. The causes are foremost over population, the turning population has resulted in over usage of the natural resources like tree, land, H2O, air, crude oil etc. Second, the cutting down of more and more trees doing forest country decreasing and species are nonextant. During the procedure of mining people cut woods on a big graduated table and degrade the land every bit good as woods. The husbandmans besides following â€Å" displacement agriculture † techniques due to which they cuts down the wood land. In displacement agriculture technique, husbandmans cut a little piece of forest land for cultivation. They grow harvests in that land for a short clip ( i.e. for 3 to 4 months ) and so cut their harvests. Then they move to another topographic point in the wood and cut trees for another harvests. this switching up of agriculture is known as displacement agriculture. Due to this grounds the whole nutrient ecosyst em of wood disturbs and leads to the extinction of species. Cuting down of trees besides lead to climatic alterations and emanation of green house gases. Another cause which adversely affected the environment is industrial development and green revolution.Many big graduated table industries emit harmful gases which causes many diseases such as lung malignant neoplastic disease, skin malignant neoplastic disease and asthma jobs To add on farther, there are besides other causes of pollution Internet Explorer depletion of ozone bed. Due to increase in the quality of CHLORO FLOURO Cs, the ozone bed consuming. Ozone bed protect us from the extremist violet beams which are coming from the Sun. This bed absorbs the UV beams and protect us. As the fume coming out from vehicles and industries, infrigidation and air conditions and usage of harmful merchandises easy being destroy ozone bed. The hairlessness of the ozone bed could ensue in tegument diseases and besides have a great consequence on our eyes.However, the addition in pollution has resulted in planetary heating. The sudden rise in the mean temperature of air and sea on Earth ‘s surface is known as planetary heating. There are so many causes of planetary heating. When oil, gas, fossil fuels and coal Burnss, the C in it combines with air and which increase the temperature of air and sea on the Earth surface. In developed states, coal is used in a immen se degree to bring forth electricity.So when coal burns it produces batch of harmful gases which was absorbed in the O and air.In Australia and England the nursery gasses largely comes from the combustion of fossil fuels and coal as both are the chief beginning to bring forth electricity. It is recorded that Australia uses 77 % of coal to bring forth electricity. Because of this ground the ice-caps in the Polar parts would run and it would ensue in the rise of the H2O degree of seas and oceans. A clip will come when the whole Earth submerge in H2O. At last, due to overgrazing, dirt eroding, acerb rain, landslides, volcanic eruption pollutes the environment. we know Their is no uncertainty that there are figure of causes which are the immense job for the environment. But now there is demand of sustainable development Today in this epoch, with the attempts of our immature coevals, scientific techniques, public, media and the regulations of the authorities playing a important function to non eliminate but manage the jobs of our environment. Out of these, media plays a critical function in the field of environmental issues.2In developed states and urban countries, the usage of print, broadcast and internet media can be a great manner to increase instruction and consciousness by working with the media, authorities bureaus and non net income organisations can assist distribute their message, either by keeping imperativeness briefings, publishing printed imperativeness releases, or even puting up on-line databases that can be used as information Centres. Information Centres can besides assist to both the populace and journalists about environmental issues. Media besides arrange awareness plans in rural country where people are illiterate and do non cognize about how to salvage our environment. They can besides do some little films in which they can direct message to society for salvaging our environment, do some dockets like save H2O and works more trees. They must i ncorporate some cognition about agribusiness so that they can utilize appropriate methods and techniques alternatively the usage of fertilizers and pesticides which pollute non even the harvests but land besides. The chief intent of media is foremost, they provide the intelligence about the jobs which are confronting the people in the universe. Another motivation is, to assist to educate the people about environmental issue by making educational runs, deliverance operations, plans like play and consecutive which helps the people to aware. Furthermore,30 % of the universe ‘s population is under the age of 18, harmonizing to UNEO, which is why educating kids and immature grownups about environmental jobs is important to long-run success. This will assist them further a sense of duty so that when they becomes grownups they will do picks that help the environment instead than harm it. Many school, nevertheless, do non presently teach their pupils about environmental issues. Integrating environmental instruction into current scientific discipline categories or learning environmental scientific discipline as a separate subject is one of the best ways to educate kids and teens about environmental jobs, peculiarly if the categories involve some kind of custodies on acquisition, like to do little gardens and irrigating the workss or caring for an animal3.Public should cognize about the environmental issues and set some stairss to clean and salvage our environment. Celebrities should besides set their attempts and partici pates openly with the populace to aware them. Peoples should kick to patrol if person in their vicinity pollutes the environment. Every individual in this universe have to set some attempts and performed hisher responsibility to work out this job. Like a forestation should be done on big graduated table and people should utilize public vehicle alternatively of private vehicles. Water intervention workss should be installed in all industrial countries. Garbage should be thrown in proper topographic point. Water which we used for rinsing veggies may be used to irrigating the workss in the garden. Hunting should be banned for the safety of animate beings. Last but non the least, cut down, reuse and recycle should be our mantra Alternatively of it, authorities can besides play alone individuality in bettering the environmental issues in every state such as there should be rigorous jurisprudence if people pollute environment. If some pollute the environment, so mulcts would be charged so that they ca n't of all time reiterate the same error in future. Environment instruction should be compulsory in all the Fieldss of instruction. Laws for industrial units should be purely implemented so that contaminated H2O is non disposed off straight into rivers and lakes.So Government should besides censor the usage of plastic bags. In all rural countries there should be proper sewage and purifier H2O intervention workss for salvaging the H2O. Wildlife sanctuaries should be established for the protection of animate beings and woods. By weaving up the thought, it seems to me that environmental job is the badgering concern and persons have a primary function in fall ining custodies with the authorities in salvaging environment. Worlds are responsible for a assortment of environmental jobs, but we can besides take stairss to cut down the harm that we are doing to the planet. This essay discuss environmental jobs and the steps that authoritiess and persons can take to get by up with these jobs. Gas emanations from mills and exhaust exhausts from vehicles lead to planetary heating, which may hold a serious effects on the planet in the hereafter. so our life is in our custodies we have to believe before usage. Mentions: 1.global heating ( lone definition ) – hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming 2,3-in this I use my B.sc- 1st semester book Internet Explorer environmental surveies

Architecture High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Architecture High School - Essay Example I appreciate this specific building on account of its marvellous weaving of ornamentation, function and structure. The use of ornamentation adds elements of interest to the architecture of the theatre. The picture shows the outside of pavilion. It is simple structure with a flat roof covering the interiors from top, supported by steel columns and panelled with glass and marble that act as side covers to the interiors. The picture shows the simple structure of columns on the right side with the panelled glass fitted in between two columns. The building shows experimentation with the steel frames and glass walls. In the structure, they are placed vertically or horizontally and can be freely positioned to form a flexible plan. In lines with the modernist philosophy, the building displays construction technology that was uncommon during the time it was built. It is devoid of any unnecessary ornamentation and does not follow any identified elements of any traditional architecture. The plan of Ziln was influenced by the ideas of Corbusier. Corbusier proposed the introduction of modernisation in the plan of the city, in order to meet the requirements of the day. The plan displays the axial long and uninterrupted roads that are designed to take the heavy traffic of the city and help in better commutation in an industrial city. The plan also shows different districts separated from each other that seem to be assigned with specific functions; some for residences and the other with industrial development. Pic4: p247 (234 Mies van der, Seagram Building, New York, 1958) The Seagram building by Mies Van Der Rohe, displays almost all the attributes of modernism and I like the picture of this building for the same reason. The simple forms of the entire volume of building, resembles simplest form of geometry, as advocated by modernism. Devoid of any ornamentation on the outsides and realised with the materials like steel frames and glass panes, the building utilises the modern construction technology and materials. The building is self reliant in terms of its identity and the use of forms that are self referential and do not fall back on any historical styles. In its faade, it displays originality of function with it being devoid of any ornamentation and relying only upon the extruded sections of bronze in combination with the dark tinted glass in order to achieve its aesthetics. Pic5: p.320 (328 Barragan and Goeritz, Satellite City Tower, Mexico City, 1957) Barragan, in collaboration with Goeritz designed five abstract towers in Mexico City. The picture shows a set of five buildings that are self referential and independent in terms of its architectural style and grammar. The abstract towers, with its sharp edge, bear no resemblance with any identified style of architecture. The construction style of the buildings comprises of standardised mass production, a key element of modernism. The facades are devoid of any sort of ornamentation and treatment. I personally like the boldness of the forms that fall back to the basics of geometry for its generation. Pic6: P.325 (336 Ando, Koshino House,

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 213

Assignment Example The public health nurses role in delivering these interventions is to participate in the care-giving work when the patients affected by the disease seek medical assistance. The other role is to participate in the public awareness campaigns and demonstrate to people on how to live a healthy lifestyle. The regulatory guideline is to implement improved and enhanced heart disease prevention efforts. The actual ethical implication is to improve the health of all people through equity, in their all life stages (People & US Department of Health and Human Services, 2011).The American Heart association through federal funding is actual funder of these interventions while the U.S ministry of Health and Human Services acts as a potential funder of the interventions. As mentioned above, the primary intervention is to prevent and treat heart disease to prevent the deaths it causes among the U.S population. The secondary intervention is to hold public prevention campaigns to create awareness to people about the disease. The tertiary intervention is to engage other sectors to help to fight the disease. The basic elements of community health nursing practice include prevention and treatment of health problems. This relates well with the primary intervention which is to prevent and treat heart diseases. The other element is to promote healthful living. This can be achieved by empowering people through public health campaigns which relates with the secondary intervention. Rehabilitation and research is another element of community health nursing practice (Maurer & Smith, 2012). This relates with the tertiary intervention as other sectors can join to rehabilitate and conduct research of the disease. Florence Nightingale’s theory of nursing can b e used as a framework for community health nursing practice. This theory is a patient-care theory. It focuses on patient’s care rather than the nursing process (Selanders, 1993).  This is

Design Management for the Fashion Industries Essay

Design Management for the Fashion Industries - Essay Example The essay "Design Management for the Fashion Industries" concerns the management in fashion. Over the last fifteen years, an increasing trend of investment in design areas by the business emphasizes the fact that design management adds to the value of the products and services. By this process, design established itself as a commercial business in the field of marketing communications and in the process proved its own commercial value. The investments of a business are not confined to one area. The various areas of investment for a business include the investment on procurement of raw materials, plant and machineries for manufacturing, advertising expenses, various investments on promotion of its products. The investment in design is one such area considered by businesses which supports the desire of achieving business goals. The designers play a crucial role to make their clients understand that the design of the business products are not only for the purpose of beautification but a lso has wide commercial value that helps in achieving growth of the business. The business should understand the relative importance and contribution of design in the future growth of business. The allocation of funds into design management is facilitated by the assessment of relative importance of design management as compared to other areas of investment. Thus the measurement of return on investment (ROI) for design management is extremely crucial for the business houses. Design management is not a simple calculation... Thus the measurement of return on investment (ROI) for design management is extremely crucial for the business houses. Return on Investment (ROI) for design The measurement of return on investment in the field of design management is not a simple calculation. The return on investments in design management cannot, however, be guaranteed as it depends on the acceptance of the product by the users after the design is changed or a new design is introduced. The return on investment for a business depends on various factors of which design is one among them. Thus the return on investment is an integration of the returns obtained from the effective implementation of all the factors. The factors may be investment on raw materials for the product, manufacturing, packaging and design, logistics, advertisements and other channels for marketing communication. Also there is a correlation between the areas of investments. The ROI on design is thus dependent on performance of other investment avenu es. For example a lack of performance in the advertising of the designed product may hamper the sale of products and thus it would impact the return on investment. However, the overall return on investment is measured by the increase in revenue, profitability as an impact of design. The other areas of return on investment are changes in the perception of the customers due to rebranding of the product, change in the footfall of the number of customers, development of research and innovative activities in operation, increase of market share, etc. Thus the return on investments in design is considered as an area of priority investment in the best interest of the business. Fashion Case Studies on design management The importance of

Why is liberal art important and necessary Research Paper

Why is liberal art important and necessary - Research Paper Example The liberal arts subjects are drawn from the major branches of the liberal arts. These include the social sciences which cover such subjects as sociology, geography, economics, political science, and anthropology. Another branch of the liberal arts is known as the humanities which cover literature, languages, history, and philosophy. The third branch is the creative arts – theater, fine art, creative writing and others. All these broad subjects are what are known as the liberal arts and they are, as you can see, quite wide and varied. They are usually available to students at an undergraduate level right at the beginning and at more advanced levels as we move up the higher education chain (Sigurdson 14). Why do I think these subjects are important? Liberal arts are not designed to equip you or enable you to specialize in a specific profession. Rather, they are there to prepare the students for life in the working world. Liberal arts equip you with the ability, first and foremo st, to have lifelong learning. Learning does not just end in the classroom or after graduation. It is a process through which we acquire knowledge skills and expertise throughout our life. It is, therefore, necessary for one to have courses that equip you to do exactly that – essentially be a student for life, learning and adapting to new knowledge, new aspects of life and learning how to adapt, live and even thrive with change. The liberal arts also give one the ability and capacity for free thinking. It teaches the student how to think, how to question and how to expand your horizons. The liberal arts also enable one to communicate effectively. It is not just a matter of learning how to speak a foreign language or two – though that is also covered in liberal arts – but how to interpret nonverbal communications, how to communicate in cultures other than your own, and how to express yourself in contexts that are different from your traditional ones (Sigurdson 18 ). The liberal arts give students a chance to not only explore and get their head round a large variety of subjects but also an ability to look at the world, themselves and others in a totally new light. It gives students an appreciation of different points of view and different modes of thought. It is an opportunity to learn about the evolution of human society, how it started out, how it came through civilization, what civilization is all about and what in the world has changed and how it has changed since this civilization came about. In liberal arts one learns what previous generations have learned, thought and experienced. What questions did they ask? What answers did the great philosophers seek? Liberal arts give you an opportunity to wrestle with abstract concepts and ideas. There arose questions such as: What is beauty and how does one decide that something is beautiful and the other one is not? Does this colour or make-up look good on me? How did our history shape us and ou r thinking? How did we interact with the environment and what impact has it had on us and us about it? What acts constitute sexual harassment in the workplace and why and how should they be reported? Thus, liberal arts result in a person who has a more rounded appreciation of himself, others and his environment. A classic story is told to explain the importance of the liberal arts.Three blind men who were told to touch an elephant and then describe what it looked like. The first one touched the elephant’s main body and decided because it was so big, this creature must be like a wall. The second blind man touched the elephant’s tusk and after racing it all the way to the tip, decided that the elephant must be shaped like a

Fundamental Concepts What is ethics What is morality Are they one and Coursework

Fundamental Concepts What is ethics What is morality Are they one and the same - Coursework Example Morality traces its origin to a Latin word â€Å"moralis† which translates to â€Å"custom†. Morality guides individuals in coming up with ethics in societies. In addition, morality is concerned with individual judgment and conduct. Morality influences behavior and character of individuals in a society (Mizzoni, 2009). Morality and ethics mean values within a society’s context. Religion and other forms of faith guide morality for the most part, while for ethics, it is multifaceted and based on ideologies. In addition, what a society considers moral in some cases can be contrary to personal values. In studying morality, ethics guides in knowing what constitutes morals. Ethics and morals both promote social justice, with their foundation on the principles of equity. Ethics and morality when adhered to, enhances fairness in a society (Mizzoni, 2009). Ethics guides administrators in instilling virtues that promote morality within institutions. Policies and rules based on the morals promote achievements in institutions (Mizzoni, 2009). In administration, standard codes of practice by the management allows for flexibility in the morals applied. Concepts of Libertarianism and liberalism in the administrative context ensure peace and stability. Libertarianism is much concerned with ideology where authorities have limited control over their people. In Libertarianism, each one expects mutual benefits as a duty and obligation of the authorities. People attain social justice using ethics in administrative systems. Libertarianism is more moderate when instilling ethics as compared to liberalism. In administration, liberalism aims at individual freedom while libertarianism targets masses and general family values (Mizzoni, 2009). In Liberalism, individuals are free to choose their own ethical code for behavior. However, it insists on some form of regulation to harmonize differences on human

Strategic Marketing- Coca Cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic Marketing- Coca Cola - Essay Example Coca-Cola is one of the leading food and beverage country with a geographical reach that extends to over 200 countries around the world. Coca-Cola manufactures, distributes and sells over 3,500 non-alcoholic beverages that range from drinking water to sports drinks. Coca-Cola is world-known for their soft drinks and most popularly its namesake Coca-Cola. The main product that Coca-Cola sells is its carbonated drinks such as Coca-Cola and its different variations that include Diet Coke, Coke with lime, Coca-Cola Blak and Coca-Cola Orange. The Coca-Cola Company began as J.S. Pemberton Medicine Company that sold medicinal products such as Cough syrup and hair dye. Later the co-founder of Coca Cola, Dr. John Pemberton, a pharmacist, discovered the formula for Coke, quite by accident. Soon J. S. Pemberton Medicine Company became Coca-Cola and began to operate as a beverage company. The revolutionary taste of Coke soon became a preferred taste for the consumers and Coke became a symbol of ‘Open Happiness’. The beverage industry is one the most growing industries as consumers’ preference has gradually shifted from drinking water to soft drinks and even to energy drinks. Thus Coca-Cola faces immense competition from other beverage industries, with the top competitors being Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., Nestl and Pepsico, Inc. (Yahoo Finance, 2011). In this report, we will develop a marketing plan for 2011-2012 for Coca-cola to be presented to the board of directors at Coca-Cola. The marketing plan will discuss the current position of Coca-Cola in the market, using marketing audit that analysis both the micro and macro environment for the company. MARKETING AUDIT MACRO ENVIRONMENT- PESTLE ANALYSIS Political Factors With the growing consumer awareness towards the food and beverage industry, many have become concerned over the power and impact of junk food over the children and teenagers. Coke has been easily termed as junk food that contains empty calories which contribute toward s the number of obese in the world. With the consumer concern growing, governments may be forced to take action against Coke and other junk foods. Since Coke is an international brand, there is always concern over the growing instability in certain countries which has been on the rise in the last few years. Since Coke is originally an American brand, it is impacted by the growing Anti-American sentiment in the Gulf and certain Asian countries. However, with globalization on the increase, Coke can benefit from emerging and developing markets where demand for Coke will increase even higher. Economic Factors The unmarked recession that began after the US war against terrorism has not just impacted America but also the rest of the world. As the recession continues to take hold, the buyer power of the consumers is greatly reduced. Consumers are moving from luxury items to items of necessity and even at that, they are looking for discounts and bargains. The instability and period of near war that is prevalent in many countries including London, also impacting buyer power and preference of the consumer. Also with the escalating oil prices, production and transportation costs have gone up considerably higher which has resulted in increased prices of the product. The same product is now available at higher prices and at a time of recession. However, the advantage for Coca-Cola is that their manufacturing plant is located in every city where they market their product which considerably decreases transportation costs. Socio-Cultural Factors The recent focus on health and nutrition has led consumers to consider buying carbonated and other drinks that negatively impact their health. Thus there has been a decrease in the demand of traditional Coca Cola products, that are carbonated drink, among the consumers especially baby boomers.

Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Descartes - Essay Example There must be a proper procedure of metaphysical verification through which the mind can get certain of what it thinks and there must be strong emphasizing proofs for his. But later on refuting has own arguments to some extent, Rene argues that since he is certain about the fact that he is thinking about something, so he can conclude on this tautology that man is something which has the ability to think. Existence of God is one of the most important and centric circle of attention for the mediator. He builds the proofs for the existence of God by building an argument based in the human mind processes. He says that the human mind of packed with the idea of existence of God and if by any means this idea is created then it must be created by God himself. Humans are weak and don’t have powers to illusion the minds so impeccably so this lead to the fact that this idea of God’s existence is injected in the human minds by the God himself which depicts the existence of God. ... He argues to get rid of all the dogmas and really believe. In this paper, one out of six meditations will be summarized and discussed. Explanation In the sixth meditation, concerning the Existence of material things, and the real Distinction between Mind and Body, Rene tries to explore the hidden phenomena in the clear distinction of one’s self with external events and object along with the strong emphasis to prove that things outside self and God exists. While discussing the credibility of mind-body dualism, meditator argues that the human behind always feel the internal needs for something that are triggered by the external factor but this cannot be felt outside the body for example he says that he can feel heat, pressure, tickling and hunger within his body but he cannot feel these physical characteristics and happening outside his body. He asks a series of question and says why is human body self centric and why we cannot feel the physical variants of other people (Descart es and Stanley, 193). The main argument which is built by the meditator is that human body and body yare not interdependent and they can exists without each other for example he says that human body has a certain characteristic of extension which is inherent in it. The human body gets extended with the passage of time but the human mind is not extendable and remains of the same size this means that this basic characteristic of extension does not co-exist in the human mind and body so human mind and exist without body and work on its own. The meditator then argues that the human mind and body are dependent upon the physical objects and substances which do not only cause the triggering of internal demands of the human mind and body, they also play a colossal role to satisfy

Do financial management decisions influence firm value Essay

Do financial management decisions influence firm value - Essay Example Investment Decisions The BP is a well-established company that diversified into business such as chemicals, coal, gas, minerals and nutrition that would improve the effectiveness of the company. This diversification strategy led to problems in allocating investment resources between the different division’s projects of the large conglomerate. According to Dayananda (2002), the investment has led to losses that demonstrate that the company could not successfully compete in the fiercely competitive international oil business while also trying to compete in other business. Owing to the volatile prices, BP shifted to the financial tool to help it to accomplish its strategies goals. According to Kent & Gerald (2011), the company began to concentrate primary on the investment business; problems of fitting corporate decisions into both the strategic and financial framework of the company are difficult to resolve. This led to a conclusion that the investment decisions were based upon dissimilar theories that sometimes contracted each other. BP investment growth focused on three areas of great interest; deep-water production, global gas including unconventional gas, and managing some of the major globe oilfields. In each field, BP has made significant advances. Financial Decisions Eugene & Michael (2010) demonstrate that finding useful financial tools to make informed investment decisions has traditionally been the point of interest of corporate financial officers. The most widely accepted financial decision focus mainly on a narrow range of internal variables, quantitative information, shorter-term results, control processes, and techniques to determine specific risks of the BP. McDonald (2001) indicate that BP outlined financial decisions to further enhance efficiency and condense costs within the company with the main purpose of improving its annual underlying pre-tax profitability. The company is expected to enhance capital efficiency and improve returns in t he coming years. Finally, BP's financial management decisio

ICT - Changing the System of a Video Library Essay Example for Free

ICT Changing the System of a Video Library Essay Identify section The current system is a hand written and hand handled by Mr Roberts. It is a paper database where all details of the members, transaction and return details are stored. Mr Roberts currently operates all the system by himself and he does this to keep a record of all the bookings out of the videos, he does this by pen. He finds the page in the book allocated to the member, writes when the person needs to bring it back in, takes the payment then gives the video to the member. When a new member joins Mr Roberts takes all the details down in his book, then gives the new member a member number. Mr Roberts has to check every night for overdue videos. When a members page is full, then Mr Roberts has to get a new page, this just adds to the ever-growing file of Mr Roberts. There are lots of problems with the system, it is very slow, it would wear down with over use, he cannot cope with the growing number of customers, He has to check every night to see which videos are overdue and hand type each letter and send them off the same night. This would be increasingly difficult when lots of members join. Another problem is that the videos all have to be numbered and when a video is taken out a card is put in the original case giving the video number and return date. The new system would have to display all the details of the members on one screen and show when last rental and return was. It should be able to show all overdue videos on one screen. It should be very fast and speed up all aspects of the shop. If the database is faster and easier to manage then the number of members will increase and therefore so will the profit. Jonny Sharpe Possible solutions Mr Roberts could solve all his problems by using a filing cabinet. This would solve all his problems with information handling. The advantages of this would be that a filing cabinet is easier to cope than a filing book, the disadvantages are that it is still based on paper and they could easily be damaged or lost. Another problem is that it is still time consuming and would not be any faster, if anything slower than before. Another way to cope with this problem is putting all the files onto a computer. The computer would store all the information easily. The advantages of this are that it would significantly improve the speed and ease of running the video shop. The disadvantages are that it may cost a lot of money and all staff may not be trained in how to use a computer A computer program could be writ but expertise would be needed for this and this expertise I do not have. The next best alternative is that you could use a already existing program such as Microsoft Access. The information would be stored on multiple spread sheets, the information would consist of all the members details and the video details as well. These would be good because they can handle lots of multiplications and can search through information Mark foster System Choice Microsoft office xp professional edition. Pcworld: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½519 Inc vat Any computer could be chosen as long as it has Microsoft access and a printer for printing reports. Software Justification Justify choice of software: Word: The program needs to handle numbers but word is very good at typing letters. Excel: This program would be ok for the video shop but there would have to be 1 sheet for the videos and 1 sheet for the members details. This program would not be able to type letters up and print the letters off. Access: This program is excellent, this is because you can merge the video details and the members details together to give records of loans. This program can also produce reports in letter form and print them off. Data needed 1. This database is for the videos, it should show the number code, name. 2. Members details should be shown on this page, name, address, membership number, telephone number, current video rented and the date it is due back. Design section This shows that I have made two tables to store information, one for the members details and one for the video details. I have entered 50 videos and 5o members into the tables. I have designed the system to alert me when there are overdue videos and to be able to book out videos and book in videos with ease. I linked the two together by making a link between the membership number and the video number as shown below. These next pictures are of my queries. They are update queries which update booking in and booking out of videos. They are linked between the two tables and display the videos booked out and the membership number of the person along with some details. This is my form design. The form is for a member to fill in to automatically add his details to the members table. This is my report. This is basically to inform members that they are in possession of a overdue video and they need to return it. Members have their own membership no and each video has its own video number. This way members and videos dont get mixed up. This is an application form for the video shop, members are asked to fill out basic details. Analysis 1) What do I need from my database. I want it to store information about my members, including their name, address, telephone number, membership number, date of birth. Also in each members record will be stored the video they have rented (its code, not its title to speed things up) and also the date it is due back. Customers can only rent one video per day and it must be returned the next day. I also want the database to store information about the videos, including its code, title, price, certificate and category, eg horror, action, comedy etc. I want a system that will let me book videos in and out very quickly, just by entering the members number and the video code. I also want a system to check which videos havent been returned and create a letter that could be sent out if it hasnt been returned after 1 week. Sometimes people forget they have it so this should be a polite reminder. If they havent returned it after 2 days, then I usually phone them, so I would need it to produce a list of names and telephone numbers. I will answer the other questions at a later time as there are customers in the shop. Regards. Mr Roberts 2) To collect data from new members I have a form that they fill out. They write on it their name, address, tel. number, and date of birth. I write their new membership number on it. 3) Each member has a membership number. It is a four-digit number, starting at 1000. 4) I dont use credit card details as there is too much security needed. 5) For new members I need two forms of identification, one with their name and address, i.e. a bank statement or gas bill for example and one with their photo on, i.e. theirs drivers licence or passport. 6) I havent got a password system. If you think I should have one let me know how you think it would work. The problem is that customers would have to tell me their password and other customers could overhear it so it wouldnt be that secure. Evaluation I think the final product meets the standards set by Mr. Roberts. The only mistakes I have made is that I have given the example members, membership numbers starting at 200 and they are only 3 digit. The final product can do everything specified in the design requirements made by Mr. Roberts. The opinions of the users would be on the questionnaire I made. The only improvements that could be made to my database is that I could maybe produce an automatic report displaying all the information of the member on a report whos video is late, instead of just having a basic template.

Benefits and disadvantages of branding

Benefits and disadvantages of branding In this article, I am going to introduce what is branding? Why does branding? and analyze both the advantage and disadvantage of branding. In addition, I will use some examples to support my critical viewpoint. First part, it introduces about what is brand, branding is a thing combine with our regular life, and how to recognize it. Second part, it elaborates some examples to support the analysis of the advantage of branding. The advantages can be explored from both company side and customer side. Third part, it will talking about the disadvantage, so I using some reference to support disadvantage. A definition for a brand has been shown in the Journal of Marketing Management by Professor Peter Doyle of Warwick University: A name, symbol, design, or some combination which identifies the product of a particular organization as having a substantial, differentiated advantage (OMally,1991,p. 107). Besides, company use branding as a tool to engage the customers buying their goods, also doing some promoting value, making some branding image, or attach consumers lifestyle (Rooney, 1995). On the other hand, customer use branding as a advantage to receive the benefits from the brands. As Ronny (1995) said that branding is a technique to build a sustainable, differential advantage by playing on the nature of human beings. Brand offer service to customer through advertising, promotion, and some e-media. Therefore, organizations use these tools as a media to attract consumers doing some economic and business active in the trade market. Advantage: Both branding and no branding have two-sides effect, the essential problem is how it has been done. For example, branding could help the brand promote their brand images in the trade market, also could earn some brand loyalty and increasing some brand value. On the other hand, no brand could has lower production cost, lower marketing cost, and lower legal cost than branding. After the organization entering the trade market, using the branding to communicate with their customer, they could receive benefit from branding. Such as reputable brand name, possible brand loyalty, brand value, maximum marketing efficiency, and even reduction of advertising costs (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2001). Branding name is a thing, a tool which companies use in the trade market. They admit that brand name may not set up or break down the organization but it would be a key point in their success or failure (Ronny, 1995). Normally, the organization use their brand name as part of their product even selling point, for example: Coke Cola, they use their brand name as the selling point, sales their products. Coke Cola is a famous brand around the world, moreover, in Chinese the Cola means could be fun, so that in Chinese culture the brand name plays a way in the trade market. It is easy for general public to think Microsoft, Apple, Asus and Acer as examples of famous brand. Actually, in marketing, brand has wider meanings rather than merely a name of a product. In the other hand, the simplest example to says is that a chocolate is a kind of food originally, however, if a company gives chocolate a name as Godiva, it becomes a branding name, therefore, the brand values comes appear, too. Moreover, according to Millward Brown Optimor website(2010) statistic, that technology industries brand value top 5 are Google($114260million), IBM($86383million), Apple($83153million), Microsoft($76344million), and HP($39717million), moreover, their brand value has changed about 14%(Google), 30%(IBM), 32%(Apple), 0%(Microsoft), and 48%(HP). Originally, those names consist of ordinary alphabet letters. But due to the branding activity in which the owners put great resource, those names, in itself, obtain marvelous values Generally, branding is not only a product that selling from business to customers , however, at the top of trade market, brand could be a product that selling and purchasing between business to business. Normally, small companies may merger other brand value and asset. The most famous example is that Lenovo merged IBMs PC department, after the merger, Lenovo has become the third top of pc manufacturers. Also their brand value has increased a lot. Another case in this point is Cisco. Cisco internet company in 20th century, through the acquisition over hundreds of time, their products manufactured by a simple router extended their product line from simple router to 25 kinds of network equipment. Each product has been ranked first or second in its industry. Brand loyalty is one of the advantage, too. Normally, we use return customer rates as away to test brand loyalty. For example, according to Ishii (2008) said that we could traced a customers purchased records, if we would found that they had bought some products from same company more than three times, then we could think this is a loyalty customer. But, in higher price product, for example, car, laptop, and house so on, we couldnt expect that customer would do repeat purchase very often. So, we might use brand image to be a method to test the brand loyalty. the competitive strength of an international brand is that it tends to be associated with status and prestige, while providing convenient identification for international travelers (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2001). Disadvantage: Obviously, branding, of cause, not only has advantages, but also disadvantages. In analysis above, the benefit for small company to merge a big company with famous brand is obvious. But it always is combined with high risk. Concentrating on economic benefit, market share and production capability, companies involved in merger and acquisition usually ignored divergence between different corporate cultures. Also, the new business line may not be appropriately melt into of their existing products categories. Whats worse, even the enterprise are constrained with limited financial resource to handle the merger and the following painful adjustment, which could be fatal to both companies in that merge case. The most well-known example is the convergence of BenQ and Siemens. BenQ has invested Siemens over six billion (EUR). But at the end of the investment, BenQ has announced the cessation of all investment for Siemens. Due to the unmatched business line and corporate culture, BenQ, without possessing proper knowledge and ability of merger, has made a big lost on these investment, leading an decrease of both BenQ and Siemens brand value. Another disadvantage of branding is its high legal cost. From the virtual to real, ideal to design, and picture to imageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦so on, the intellectual right are everywhere, even though it is only a sentence, all associated with legal cost. As Onkvisit and Shaw (2001), said that a brilliant brand name is useless, unless it is legally protected. For brand, the slogan, logo, even the design, these all are the part of brand value. If someone copies it without permission, or in a illegal way to make money, then the legal cost has appeared. Business would lost a huge amount of income , because of the illegal product had appeared in the trade market. Normally, the illegal products are far cheaper than the genuine ones, because they dont have any RD cost. So in the trade market, lower priced pirate products usually are more popular among consumers. For example, computer software is easily to copy. The biggest victim is Microsoft Windows systems. Their brand income are lost almost mo re than ten billion per year. Nevertheless, while the brand doing business activities, marketing cost and product cost are two things that they have to considerate. It might be the disadvantage, because from the beginning, the company is just set up, they had to spent some cost on promotion and launches some advertisement to increase their branding image and attract new customers. Every manufacture produce their product, not only original cost, but also involve labor cost, transfer cost, official costà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦so on, these cost are all their necessary manufacture cost. Extra funds need to be raised for marketing and branding, which causes more pressure to companies who are already heavily concerned with manufacturing cost. Conclusion: Finally, to brand or no to brand is the first question of the new company which is just set up. No matter which way the company has chosen, it may have effected of company. To branding, the manufacturer would face some problems to deal with. For example, they have to think a advertise to promote their brand at the beginning. Then they have to do some strategies to compete with their competitors. They need to render benefit to customers, therefore they could receive some brand royalty of customer. Another way for company to increase its brand value is to purchase other company. First of all, they might need to take the culture into consideration. Secondly, they might concern whether company can take the high-risk in investment or not. Thirdly, they might think of the marketing cost and product cost. However, the most important thing is the legal cost, it might plays an important role of the branding, because the value of the whole business lost, have influenced the enterprise lot. The cost of illegal product might influence the companys income, the brand value and even brand image. Customer might prefer lower price of product of high quality. In addition, if the organization could offer higher quality of service and same quality of quantity, customers would still be loyalty of the brand. Words : 1534.

Psycholinguistics And Second Language Acquisition

Psycholinguistics And Second Language Acquisition In general, Lennebergs critical period hypothesis proposed that certain linguistic events must happen to the child during the Critical Period for development to proceed normally and language is acquired most efficiently during this period. Traditionally, the Critical Period Hypothesis is used to explain why second acquisition is so difficult for older children and adults. In this essay, the role of critical period in second language acquisition will be examined by using authoritative experiments, as well as my own experience. To begin with, the way in which Critical Period accounts for second language acquisition should be clearly clarified. Johnson and Newport (1989) refine the formulation of the Critical Period Hypothesis and explain how it interprets second language acquisition. They distinguished two further hypotheses: Exercise Hypothesis and Maturational State Hypothesis. Both of them assume that humans have a superior capacity for learning language early in life. These two hypotheses predict that children will be better than adults in acquiring the first language but only the latter one predicts that children will be superior at second language learning. Indeed, the Exercise Hypothesis even suggests that adults might be better than children because of their better learning skills possibly. Research has addressed the issue that whether there is an age-related effect on second language acquisition. First, there is a research states a point of view contrary to popular opinion. Most people think that children are better in acquiring both first and second language. However, Snow (1983) proposed that adults were actually no worse in acquiring second language and may be even better. Although it is difficult for a fair comparison because children have more time to learn language adults, Snow and Hoefnagel-Hohle (1978) conducted a research by comparing English children and adults in the first year of living in Holland learning Dutch. The young children (3-4 years old) scored lowest of all groups. Experimental and anecdotal evidence suggested that adults have a persistent foreign accent and phonological development might be the one area for which there is a critical period. Even if there are limitations of this study, it is possible that adults can acquire second language more e fficient than children. Certainly, there is some evidence for a critical period for second language acquisition. Johnson and Newport (1989) found evidence for a Critical Period for second language acquisition. They looked at native Korean and Chinese immigrants (3-39 years old) to the USA and found a large advantage for younger over older learners in making judgements about whether a sentence was grammatically correct. They found that their participants correlated strongly and significantly in the early arrivals (age 3-15) but not in the older arrivals (age 17-39). Johnson and Newport took this to suggest that à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"language learning ability slowly declines as the human matures and plateaus at a low level after pubertyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ . This study is an important evidence of the presence of the Critical Period in second language acquisition. In fact, there is another study which examined the effects of maturation on pronunciation by using immigrants with various ages of arriva l as subjects can also show that the Critical Period really exists in SLA. Thompson (1991) collected data from 39 Russian-born subjects (4-42 years old) who had immigrated to the US. The result pointed to a strong link between a subjectà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s age of first exposure to English and the nativeness of his or her accent. From these two researches, it can show that the Critical Period really exists in second language acquisition. Apart from the authoritative experiments mentioned above, my personal experience of learning Putonghua can also support the Critical Period in second language acquisition. When I learnt Putonghua in primary school, my knowledge of Putonghua, especially the pronunciation, was acquired easily and quickly by imitating the pronunciation of my teacher immediately. However, I did not learn Putonghua in secondary school and learnt it again from last year. In other words, all the knowledge of Putonghua has lost and I needed to learn it from the beginning. Actually, I found it is more difficult for me to learn Putonghua when getting older with the influence of my first language Cantonese. Since the vocabularies and pronunciations of these languages are similar, I easily pronounced incorrectly or used some wrong vocabularies like Cantonese. Compared with the learning experience in primary school, I need to use much more time acquire Putonghua as second language more accurately and develop my l anguage proficiency at adult stage. To conclude, there is still some debate on whether there is a critical period for acquiring language. However, there is a general agreement that childhood immersion in a second language environment leads to widespread success in achieving native-like proficiency in that language. Likewise, the exposure to a second language in adulthood is marked by a failure to attain native-like competence. Therefore, the importance of age effects on second language acquisition is hardly controversial by a number of supportive studies on this hypothesis. (818 words) Reference Harley, T.A. (1995). The Psychology of Language: From Data to Theory. East Sussex, UK: Erlbaum. Johnson, J.S. Newport, E.L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive psychology, 21, 60-99. Lenneberg, E. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley. Snow, C.E. (1983). Age differences in second language acquisition: Research findings and folk psychology. In K. Bailey, M. Long, S. Peck (Eds.), Second language acquisition studies (pp. 141-150). Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Snow, C.E., Hoefnagel-Hohle, M. (1978). The critical period for language acquisition: Evidence from second language learning. Child Development, 49, 1114-1128. Thompson, I. (1991). Foreign accents revisited: The English pronunciation of Russian immigrants. Language Learning, 41, 177-204.

midsummer nights dream :: essays research papers

As the play opens, the reader is told the setting and basis of the play and this is that the Duke, Theseus, is going to marry the Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta, in five days time. Also Shakespeare also tells of most the characters in the play to set up who will be in the play. In the beginning of the play Hermia is brought to the Duke by her father Egeus to be judged, but this brings upon a problem considering that Hermia is already in love with Lysander despite her fathers disapproval. Egeus wants Hermia to marry Demetrius and if she does not she will die unless she wants her whole life to be lived by one of a virgin. From this Hermia decide to run away to the woods outside of Athens where they can be happy. When Hermia and Lysander run off into the woods, where Helena follows for she hopes that she can change Demetrius’ mind upon choosing Hermia as his wife and Demetrius also follows knowing that Hermia and Lysander have run there. In these woods live a group of fairies and a group of men who are practicing for a play they are to perform. In the group of fairies there includes the fairy king Oberon, his queen Titania, and his servant Puck. Oberon and Titania are not on the best of terms over an Indian prince given to Titania by the prince’s mother. With this Oberon sends Puck to go forth and retrieve a flower that is spread over a sleeping persons eyelids, when the person awakes they will fall in love with the first person that is seen upon awakening. When Puck retrieves the flower Oberon tells him to spread the flower over Titania’s eyes, but also to spread it on Demetrius’ eyes after seeing how he treats Helena. Puck spreads the flower on Titania’s e yes, but accidentally spreads the flower on Lysander’s eyes thinking this is the Athenian man that Oberon was referring to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Lysander awakens, the first person he sees in Helena and he falls madly in love with her despite his love for Hermia and Helena believes that Lysander is merely putting on an act to mock her for her undying love for Demetrius. Puck realizes what he has done and tries do undo his mistake that night, but instead makes both Demetrius and Lysander falling madly in love with Helena.

Octavia Butlers Kindred vs. Harriet Jacobs Incidents In The Life of a

Octavia Butler's Kindred vs. Harriet Jacobs' Incidents In The Life of a Slave Girl According to 'the conventions for slave narratives', it is possible to categorize Kindred by Octavia Butler as a slave narrative. However, the circumstances that take Dana back in time are imaginative and fantastical compared to slave narratives such as Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs. While reading Kindred, one doesn't really get the experience of the slaves, but how Dana feels as she participates in slave times. Compared to the lives of slaves, her life is much easier and she has the luxury of knowing she is not and never was a slave. In contrast, Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl is a direct portrayal of slavery through the eyes of a slave. Although the viewpoints are very different, there are similarities in their experiences and in the way each responds and fights for their freedom. The first parallel exists in how both Dana and Jacobs are taught to view themselves. Jacobs states, ? I was born a slave; but never knew it till six years of happy childhood had passed away? (Jacobs 7). Jacobs? father allowed her the freedom to grow up happy and unfettered by slavery. Once she did realize she was a slave, her mistress further encouraged independent thought with kind treatment and by teaching Jacobs to read. Therefore Jacobs had little worries about slavery for the first twelve years of her life. Dana grew up in 20th century America, where life for African-Americans is drastically changed. She never had to worry about slavery nor gave it much thought beyond what she read in books or learned in classes. She is even married to a white man. When transported back in time she is truly perplexed by the treatmen... ...wn time where slavery doesn?t exist, and Jacobs, desperate to save her children and give them freedom. As stated earlier, Jacobs and Dana experience slavery from very different perspectives. Dana is well educated and prior to going back in time, has only read about slavery, while Jacobs, although literate, is born into slavery and knows nothing else. Yet these major differences do not change the veneer of slavery. Both are considered property and both had to endure and watch others endure unimaginable cruelties. It seems only natural that the similarities in their experiences produced similarities in how they reacted and how they escaped to freedom. Works Cited: Butler, Octavia E. Kindred. Boston: Beacon, 1988. Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Ed. Jean Fagan Yellin. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Border Music by Robert James Waller :: essays research papers

Border Music by Robert James Waller 1.) Title: Boarder Music Published: Warner Books Inc. Author: Robert James Waller Where book was acquired: WBHS Library 2.) What type of book: Fiction 3.) Characters: 1986 1.) Jack Carmine- Is a 48-year-old man who lives an independent life style. Everything he does is a spur of the moment thing. He works all the time, and his jobs are as unpredictable as he is. He originally is from Alpine Texas, but he goes north for the summer. All he wants is to live his life the best he can, and do as much as he can. He also wants to keep Linda with him. 2.) Linda Lobo- She is a 37-year-old single woman with a four-year-old daughter. She was married twice, and both failed to last. She was a dancer at a nightclub in Minnesota, but she is from Iowa. She wants to find a man that will be faithful to her, and support her and her daughter. 3.) Sara Margaret- She is Linda’s four-year-old daughter who lives with Linda’s mother. She gets to be very fond of Jack, but is too young to understand what is going on around her. 4.) Earl- He is Jack’s best friend and houseguest. When Jack is gone, Earl lives in his house for him, and takes care of the farm. He becomes good friends with Sara Margaret, and Linda. He just wants to live his life like any other hard working man. 1993 5.) Vaughn Rhomer- He is Jack’s uncle in his early 60’s. He loves army trinkets and anything to do with the Vietnam War. He worked in the produce section of a grocery store for his whole life, and his son, Nathan, was ashamed of him for this. He lost his nagging wife, Marjorie, a few years earlier, and just wants to finds someone to live the rest of his life with. 6.) Marjorie Rhomer- She was Vaughn’s wife, and was very cranky and bossy. She disliked Jack very much, and didn’t want anything to do with him. All she ever wanted was for her son, Nathan, to never meet Jack. 4.) Two main conflicts: 1.) Jack vs. Self. Jack had episodes, where he couldn’t control what he was doing. He would be back in Vietnam with the other soldiers, and he would relive the day his friends died. He had to over come this, by becoming stronger. When he first started to be with Linda they didn’t happen, but as they grew apart, the episodes became more frequent.

Actor Audience Relationship

Actor Audience Relationship In my most honest opinion, I believe the ideal actor audience relationship is something that transcends the normal criteria for a performer/audience relationship. It can be a passive or active relationship, for both types fulfill their purpose-creating emotional stimuli- on some level. There is an unspoken, unseen connection between those in the seat and those in the stage. Both viewer and actor feed off each other, whether it is the subtle shedding of a tear from the front row or the impact of a tomato on an underwhelming performer’s face.There wouldn’t be an audience without actors and vice versa for the audience pays for a ticket to be entertained and the actor performs to entertain the audience. What an audience member wants from an actor/production could be anything; a reminisce of a lost love, resonating a political reservation, a laugh-all these differentiating factors form the distinction that the way an audience acts towards a play t otally up to the VIEWER.It’s their emotional responses; a play does not dictate one how to act but it is the responsibility of the actors and crew to produce emotions. Though on one hand some plays seem more fit to be taken more actively (Rocky Horror) and some more passively (Romeo and Juliet) because of their contextual meanings and how the production as a whole sees itself. A play full of beautiful monologues and sonnets is meant for the more passive viewer, to be soaked into the mind amidst audience silence where musicals sometimes prompt one to move their body and even sings.Some plays might not mean anything to an audience member so they will remain totally at the end of the passive spectrum just watching actors and waiting to leave their seat. The audience shapes the performance by acting as to whom the playwright wrote for before the production hit the stage. A good playwright knows the audience/anticipation of an audience influences the juxposition of critical dramat ic beats. So automatically the audience influences the script, something has to be written that will draw people into the seats.Also the audience shapes the overall performances and charisma of actors for those who smile and applaud actively at one’s performance will encourage an actor to commit even further into â€Å"the illusion† while being booed might can an actors fumble his lines and throw the performance off balance, thus losing â€Å"the illusion†. Furthermore the audience also acts as critics, regarding the chances and reception of future performances. Most importantly, the audience is what pays the bills of everyone involved with the show.Without the audience providing encouragement, criticism and money-there wouldn’t be the modern conception of a play. Ultimately I feel that the role of the audience should remain varied. Too much participation may not be right for some plays and too little participation may make you look like a lame duck (Rock y Horror for an example). Maybe that is why most plays institute the standard â€Å"fourth wall† rule, separating the stage from the audience because it would ruin â€Å"the illusion† of the so-called realism plays.The appeal of audience involvement theorized by the playwright Augusto Boal’s theatrical form of breaking down the â€Å"fourth wall† so everyone can participate in the drama seems to be on the rise again, for the evolution of the there world is giving way to experimental writers and directors who encourage audience involvement In the end I feel that Boal’s ideas may be too much of a good thing, and the actor-audience relationship is one where the audience mutes themselves (aside from laughter and applause) and lets the actors on stage be the sole center of attention where the activity of communication/reaction is transported passively to the viewer. (1) Felner, Mira. The World of Theater: Tradition and Innovation. 2006, Pearson.

Best Fit Vs Best Practice Essay

Amazon.com In 1994, with a handful of programmers and a few thousand dollars in workstations and servers, Jeff Bezos set out to change the retail world when he created Amazon.com (ticker: AMZN). Shel Kaphan, Amazon’s first programmer, assisted by others, including Paul Barton-Davis, used a collection of tools to create Web pages based on a database of 1 million book titles compiled from the Library of Congress and Books in Print databases. Kaphan notes that â€Å"Amazon was dependent on commercial and free database systems, as well as HTTP server software from commercial and free sources. Many of the programming tools were free software† [Collett 2002]. In July 1995, Amazon opened its Web site for sales. Using heavily discounted book prices (20 to 30 percent below common retail prices); Amazon advertised heavily and became the leading celebrity of the Internet and e-commerce. Sales and Relationships Amazon made its initial mark selling books, and many people still think of the company in terms of books. However, almost from the start, the company has worked to expand into additional areas—striving to become a global retailer of almost anything. Some of the main events include: 1995 books, 1998 music and DVD/video, 1999 auctions, electronics, toys, zShops/MarketPlace, home improvement, software, and video games [1999 annual report]. By the end of 1999, the company had forged partnerships with several other online stores, including Ashford.com, Audible, Della.com, drugstore.com, Gear.com, Greenlight.com, HomeGrocer.com, Kozmo.com, living.com, NextCard.com, Pets.com, and Sothebys. Of course, most of those firms and Web sites later died in the dot-com crash of 2000/2001. Amazon also established partnerships with several large retailers, including Target, Toys ‘R’ Us, Babies ‘R’ Us, and Circuit City. Effectively, Amazon became a service organization to manage the online presence of these large retailers. However, it also uses its distribution system to deliver the products. The Circuit City arrangement was slightly different from the others—customers could pick up their items directly from their local stores [Heun August 2001]. After Circuit City went under, the relationship ended. By mid-2003, the Web sales and fulfillment services amounted to 20 percent  of Amazon’s sales. Bezos points out that most companies realize that only a small fraction of their total sales (5 to 10 percent) will come from online systems, so it makes sense to have Amazon run those portions [Murphy 2003]. In 2001, Amazon took over the Web site run by its bricks-and-mortar rival Borders. In 2000, Borders lost $18.4 million on total onli ne sales of $27.4 million [Heun April 2001]. Also in 2001, Amazon partnered with Expedia to offer travel services directly from the Amazon site. However, in this case, the Amazon portion consists of little more than an advertising link to the Expedia services [Kontzer 2001]. The deals in 2001 continued with a twist when Amazon licensed its search technology to AOL. AOL invested $100 million in Amazon and payed an undisclosed license fee to use the search-and-personalization service on Shop@AOL [Heun July 2001]. In 2003, Amazon launched a subsidiary just to sell its Websales and fulfillment technology to other firms. Bezos noted that Amazon spends about $200 million a year on information technology (a total of $900 million to mid-2003). The purpose of the subsidiary is to help recover some of those costs—although Bezos believes they were critically necessary expenditures [Murphy 2003]. With so many diverse products, and relationships, it might be tempting to keep everything separate. However, Amazon perceives advantages from showing the entire site to customers as a single, broad entity. Yes, customers click to the various stores to find individual items. But, run a search and you will quickly see that it identifies products from any division. Additionally, the company is experimenting with cross sales. In 2002, the Project Ruby test site began selling name-brand clothing and accessories. Customers who spent $50 or more on apparel received a $30 gift certificate for use anywhere else on Amazon [Hayes 2002]. By 2004, 25 percent of Amazon’s sales were for its partners. But, one of Amazon’s major relationships took a really bad turn in 2004 when Toys ‘R’ Us sued Amazon and Amazon countersued. The complaint by Toys ‘R’ Us alleges that it had signed a ten-year exclusivity contract with Amazon and had so far paid Amazon $200 million for the right to be the exclusive supplier of  toys at Amazon.com. David Schwartz, senior VP and general counsel for Toys ‘R’ Us stated that â€Å"We don’t intend to pay for exclusivity we’re not getting† [Claburn May 2004]. Amazon’s initial response was that â€Å"We believe we can have multiple sellers in the toy category, increase selection, and offer products that (Toys ‘R’ Us) doesn’t have† [Claburn May 2004]. The lawsuit counters that at least one product (a Monopoly game) appears to be for sale by third-party suppliers as well as Toys ‘R’ Us. A month later, Amazon countersued, alleging that Toys ‘R’ Us experienced â€Å"chronic failure† to maintain sufficient stock to meet demand. The court documents noted that Toys ‘R’ Us had been out of stock on 20 percent of its most popular products [Claburn June 2004]. Although the dispute sounds damaging, it is conceivable that both parties are using the courts as a means to renegotiate the base contract. Small merchants accelerated a shift to Amazon’s marketplace technology. By 2007, Amazon was simply the largest marketplace on the Web. For example, John Wieber was selling $1 million a year in refurbished computers through eBay. But increased competition and eBay’s rising prices convinced him to switch to direct sales through Amazon. Similar small merchants noted that although the fees on Amazon are hefty, they do not have to pay a listing fee. Plus, eBay shoppers only want to buy things at bargain-basement prices (Mangalindan 2005). In 2010, Target ended its contract with Amazon and launched its own Web servers. Amazon does not report sales separately for its partners such as Target, so it is difficult to determine what impact the change might have on Amazon. However, Amazon has many other sellers who offer similar products. Digital Content Amazon has been expanding its offerings in digital content—in many ways extending competition against Apple, but also leading the way in digital books. Although it was not the first manufacturer, Amazon is reportedly the largest seller of e-readers with the Kindle. Amazon does not report sales separately for the Kindle. Amazon also noted in 2011 that ebooks for its Kindle reader have overtaken sales of paperback books as the most popular  format. The e-books had already exceeded hard-cover books the year before [Wu 2011]. For many of these reasons, Borders, a bricks-and-mortar competitor to Amazon went under in 2011. Amazon is also working to expand sales of music. The Web site has relatively standard pricing on current songs, but often offers discounts on older albums. By 2011, Amazon was also trying to expand into video streaming. Customers who pay $79 a year to join the  Prime program gain faster shipping, and also access to a library of digital movies and TV shows. Unfortunately, with limited ties to the movie studios, the offerings initially were relatively thin. However, other video streaming sites, including Netflix and Hulu, were also struggling to develop long-term contracts with studios. In September 2011, Amazon announced a deal with Fox to offer movies and TV shows owned by the studio. At the same time, Netflix announced a similar deal with the Dreamworks studio. It will take time for studios to determine strategies on streaming video services and for consumers to make choices [Woo and Kung 2011]. In late 2011, Amazon released its own version of a tablet computer. The company continued to sell the Kindle e-book reader, but the tablet focused on audio and video, using a color LCD display screen with a touch interface. Although it lacked features available on the market-leading Applet iPad, the Kindle table carried a price that was about half that of the iPad and other competitors ($200). The obvious goal was to provide a device that encourages customers to purchase more digital content directly from Amazon [Peers 2011]. Sales Taxes Sales taxes have been a long-term issue with Amazon. The Annual Report notes that several states filed formal complaints with the company in March 2003. The basis for the individual suits is not detailed, but the basic legal position is that any company that has a physical presence in a state (â€Å"nexus† by the terms of a U.S. Supreme Court ruling), is subject to that state’s laws and must then collect the required sales taxes and remit them to the state. The challenge is that the level of presence has never been  clearly defined. Amazon argues that it has no physical presence in most states and is therefore not required to collect taxes. The most recent challenges are based on Amazon’s â€Å"affiliate† program. Amazon pays a small commission to people who run Web sites and redirect traffic to the Amazon site. For instance, a site might mention a book and then include a link to the book on the Amazon site. Several states have passed laws claiming that these relationships constitute a â€Å"sales force† and open up Amazon to taxation within any state where these affiliates reside. In response, Amazon dropped the affiliate program in several states, has initiated a legal challenge in the state of New York, and in 2011, negotiated a new deal signed into law in California [Letzing 2011]. In the California deal, Amazon obtained a delay in collecting taxes for at least a year, in exchange for locating a new distribution center in the state and creating at least 10,000 full-time jobs. Amazon is also asking the U.S. Congress to create a new federal law to deal with the sales-tax issue. However, because the state sales tax issue is driven by the interstate commerce clause in the U.S. Constitution, a simple law will not alter the underlying principles. However, if Congress desired, it might create a Federal Sales tax law with some method of apportioning the money to states. But, do not be t on any major tax laws during a Presidential election year. Information Technology In the first years, Amazon intentionally kept its Web site systems separate from its orderfulfillment system. The separation was partly due to the fact that the programmers did not have the technical ability to connect them, and partly because the company wanted to improve security by keeping the order systems off the Web. By 1997, Amazon’s sales had reached $148 million for the year. The big book database was being run on Digital Alpha servers. Applications were still custom written in house. By early 2000, the company had over 100 separate database instances running on a variety of servers—handling terabytes of data. In 2000, Amazon decided to overhaul its entire system. The company spent $200 million on new applications, including analysis software from E.piphany, logistics from Manugistics, and a new DBMS from Oracle. The company also  signed deals with SAS for data mining and analysis [Collett 2002]. But, one of its biggest deals was with Excelon for business-to-business integration systems. The system enables suppliers to communicate in real time, even if they do not have sophisticated IT departments. It provides a direct connection to Amazon’s ERP system either through programming connections or through a Web browser [Konicki 2000]. About the same time (May 2000), Amazon inked a deal with HP to supply new servers and IT services [Goodridge and Nelson 2000]. The new systems ran the open-source Linux operating system. Already by the third quarter of 2001, Amazon was able to reduce its IT costs by 24 percent from the same quarter in 2000 [Collett 2002]. By 2004, the supply chain system at Amazon was a critical factor in its success. Jeffrey Wilke, Senior VP of worldwide operations, observed that â€Å"When we think about how we’re going to grow our company, we focus on price, selection, and availability. All three depend critically on the supply chain† [Bacheldor 2004]. Almost the entire system was built from scratch, customized to Amazon’s needs. When a customer places an order, the system immediately connects to the distribution centers, determines the best way to ship the product, and provides the details to the customer in under two minutes. The entire process is automatic. Dr. Russell Allgor moved from Bayer Chemical to Amazon and built an 800,000equation computer model of the company’s sprawling operation. When implemented, the goal of the model was to help accomplish almost everything from scheduling Christmas overtime to rerouting trucks in a snowstorm. Allgor’s preliminary work focused on one of Amazon’s most vexing problems: How to keep inventory at a minimum, while ensuring that when someone orders several products, they can be shipped in a single box, preferably from the warehouse — the company had six — that is nearest the customer [Hansell, 2001]. Dr. Allgor’s analysis is simple, but heretical to Amazon veterans. Amazon should increase its holdings of best sellers and stop holding slow-selling titles. It would still sell these titles but order them after the customer does. Lyn Blake, a vice president who previously ran Amazon’s book department and now oversees company relations with manufacturers, disagrees with this perspective. â€Å"I worry about the customer’s perspective  if we suddenly have a lot of items that are not available for quick delivery.† Amazon’s merchant and MarketPlace systems are powerful tools that enable smaller stores to sell their products through Amazon’s system. Amazon continually works to improve the connections on those systems. This system caused problems in 2001—the main issue was that the data on the merchant Web sites was being updated only once every eight hours. The merchant’s link to Amazon’s main database servers, and internal applications transfer the data onto the displayed page as requested. As customers purchased items, the inventory quantities were altered in the main servers, but the current totals were not transferred to the display pages until several hours later. Consequently, customers would be told that an item was in stock, even it had sold out several hours ago. To solve the problem, Amazon installed Excelon’s ObjectStore database in 2002. The system functions as a cache management server, reducing the update times from eight hours down to twoà ‚  minutes. Paul Kotas, engineering director for the Merchants@Group noted that â€Å"with the growth of this business, we needed a zero-latency solution† [Whiting 2002]. In 2003, Amazon added a simple object access protocol (SOAP) gateway so that retailers could easily build automated connections to the system. Data is passed as XML documents and automatically converted to Amazon’s format [Babcock 2003]. One of the most successful technologies introduced by Amazon is the affinity list. When someone purchases an item, system makes recommendations based on similar items purchased by other customers. The system uses basic data mining and statistical tools to quickly run correlations and display the suggested products. Kaphan notes that â€Å"There was always a vision to make the service as useful as possible to each user and to take advantage of the ability of the computer to help analyze a lot of data to show people things they were most likely to be interested in† [Collett 2002]. The system also remembers every purchase made by a customer. So, the Amazon programmers created the Instant Order Update feature, that reminds customers if they have already purchased an item in their cart. Bezo notes that â€Å"Customers lead busy lives and cannot always remember if they’ve already purchased a particular item.† He also observed  that â€Å"When we launched Instant Order Update, we were able to measure with statistical significance that the feature slightly reduced sales. Good for customers? Definitely. Good for shareowners? Yes, in the long run† [2003 annual report]. Capital expenditures for software and Web site development are not cheap: $176 million, $146 million, and $128 million for 2010, 2009, and 2008 respectively (2010 Annual Report). But, in comparison, in 2010, net income tax provisions were $352 million. New Services Amazon requires huge data centers and high-speed Internet connections to run its systems. Through vast economies of scale, Amazon is able to achieve incredibly low prices for data storage and bandwidth. Around 2005, the company decided that it could leverage those low costs into a new business selling Internet-based services. The company offers an online data storage service called S3. For a monthly fee of about 15 cents per gigabyte stored plus 15 cents per gigabyte of data transferred, any person or company can transfer and store data on Amazon servers [Markoff 2006]. Through a similar service (EC2), any company can use the company’s Web servers to deliver digital content to customers. The company essentially serves as a Web host, but instead of paying fixed costs, you pay 10 cents per virtual server per hour plus bandwidth costs. Amazon’s network can handle bursts up to 1 gigabit per second. The system creates virtual servers, running the Linux kernel, and you can run any software you want [Gralla 2006]. By 2011, the company had several locations providing S3 and EC2 Web services. It also offered online relational database services using either MySQL or the Oracle DBMS. Anyone can pay to store data in the DBMS, with charges being levied per hour, per data stored, and per data transferred. The point is that Amazon handles all of the maintenance and other companies avoid fixed costs. Even government agencies are adopting the benefits of storing data in these cloud services—including those run by Amazon. For example, the U.S. Treasury Department moved is public Web sites to the Amazon cloud. [Pratt 2011]. Perhaps the most unusual service is Mturk. The name derives from an  18-century joke where a â€Å"mechanical† chess-playing machine surprised European leaders and royalty by beating many expert players. The trick was that a human was hidden under the board and moved the pieces with magnets. Amazon’s trick is to use human power to solve problems. Companies post projects on the Mturk site and offer to pay a price for piecemeal work. Any individual can sign up and perform a task and get paid based on the amount of work completed. Amazon takes a 10 percent commission above the fee. For example, the company Casting Words places audio files on the site and pays people 42 cents to transcribe one minute of audio files into text [Markoff 2006]. The Amazon EC2 and S3 services suffered some problems in the summer of 2011. A configuration error during an upgrade in the East Coast facility triggered a cascade that delayed all services in the facility. Internet services including Foursquare and Reddit that used the facility were impacted by the problems for almost a week [Tibken 2011]. Amazon engineers learned a lot from the problems and the same issue is unlikely to occur again [http://aws.amazon.com/message/65648/]. But, the outage points out the risks involved in any centralized system. Ironically, the main problems were caused by algorithms designed to copy data to multiple servers to reduce risks. On the other hand, with multiple facilities, Amazon provides the ability to spread content and risk across multiple locations. Adam Selipsky, vice president of product management and developer relations at Amazon Web Services observed that â€Å"†Amazon is fundamentally a technology company; we’ve spent more than one and a half billion dollars investing in technology and content. We began by retailing books, but it was never in our business plan to stay with that† [Gralla 2006]. Financial Performance When Amazon started, it spent huge amounts of money not only building infrastructure, but also buying market share. It took Amazon nine years to achieve profitability. And the profits started to arrive only after the company changed its pricing model—focusing on retail prices for popular items and smaller discounts for all books. In the process, the company lost almost $3 billion. It was not until 2009 that Amazon had generated enough profits to cover all of its prior losses (ignoring interest rates and debt). The company’s financial position has improved since 2000. Most of the improvement is due to increases in sales—which is good. But, those sales increased largely by selling products for other firms, and from one more twist. Amazon no longer discounts most of the books that it sells. In fact, it is generally more expensive to purchase books from Amazon than to buy them from your local bookstore. For competitive online pricing, check www.campusi.com, which searches multiple Web sites for the best price, but the selection might not be as large. Another source of increased sales is the international market (largely Britain, Europe and Japan). Notice in the table that media sales (books, audio, and movies) are higher in the International market than in North America. More products are sold in North America, but clearly the growth path is the international market. Out of curiosity, where did all of that money go? In 2003, Bezos noted that $900 million went to business technology; $300 million was spent on the fulfillment centers; and $700 million on marketing and customer acquisition [Murphy 2003]. That last part largely represents selling books at a loss or offering free shipping while trying to attract customers. Those numbers add up to the $1.9 billion debt, but what happened to the other $1 billion in net losses? Interestingly, according to the 2010 Annual Report, Amazon still runs a loss on shipping. In 2010, the company declared shipping revenue of $1.2 billion, against outbound shipping costs of $2.6 billion, for a net loss of $1.4 billion! Amazon continues to expand aggressively. In 2011, Amazon estimated revenue increases of 28-39 percent but increased operating expenses by about 38 percent. Tom Szkutak, Amazon’s finance chief noted that â€Å"When you add something to the magnitude of 23 fulfillment centers, mostly in the course of the second half of last year, you have added costs and you’re not as productive on those assets for some time,† [Wu 2011]. For the longer term, Amazon’s leaders clearly indicate that they are aware of the stiff competition—both from bricks-and-mortar retailers and from online rivals including small start-ups and established rivals including Apple and Google. Case Questions 1. Who are Amazon’s competitors? 2. Why would customers shop at Amazon if they can find better prices elsewhere? 3. Why did Amazon create most of its own technology from scratch? 4. If Amazon buys products from other firms and simply ships them to customers, why does it need so many of its own distribution centers? 5. Will other retailers buy or lease the Web software and services from Amazon? Can Amazon make enough money from selling these services? 6. Write a report to management that describes the primary cause of the problems, a detailed plan to solve them, and show how the plan solves the problems and describe any other benefits it will provide. Additional Reading Babcock, Charles, â€Å"Amazon Makes Online Merchandising Easier,† Information Week, September 15, 2003. Bacheldor, Beth, â€Å"From Scratch: Amazon Keeps Supply Chain Close To Home,† Information Week, March 5, 2004. Claburn, Thomas, â€Å"Amazon.com And Toys ‘R’ Us Are On The Outs,† Information Week, May 31, 2004. Claburn, Thomas, â€Å"Why Amazon Is Suing Toys ‘R’ Us,† Information Week, June 29, 2004. Collett, Stacy, â€Å"The Web’s Best-seller,† Computerworld, September 30, 2002. Goodridge, Elisabeth and Matthew G. Nelson, â€Å"Update: Amazon Drops Sun, Compaq For HP,† Information Week, May 31, 2000. Gralla, Preston, â€Å"Computing in the Cloud,† Computerworld, December 21, 2006. Hansell, Saul. â€Å"A Front-Row Seat as Amazon Gets Serious,† The New York Times, May 20, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/technology/20AMAZ.html. Hayes, Mary, â€Å"CDs, High Heels, Flannel Shirts,† Information Week, November 4, 2002. Heun, Christopher T., â€Å"Amazon, Borders Team For Superior Customer Service,† Information Week, April 16, 2001. Heun, Christopher T., â€Å"Amazon Loss Shrinks; AOL Buys Amazon Search Service,† Information Week, July 24, 2001. Heun, Christopher T., â€Å"Amazon Plugs Into Circuit City In Profitability Drive,† Information Week, August 27, 2001. Konicki, Steve, â€Å"Amazon Taps Excelon To Redo Supply-Chain System,† Information Week, October 30, 2000. Kontzer, Tony, â€Å"Amazon Teams With Expedia On Online Travel Store,† Information Week, September 26, 2001. Letzing, John, â€Å"Amazon Wins Reprieve on California Tax in Exchange for Jobs,† The Wall Street Journal, September 23, 2011. Mangalindan, Mylene, â€Å"Threatening eBay’s Dominance, More Online Sellers Go It Alone,† The Wall Street Journal, June 22, 2005. Markoff, John, â€Å"Software Out There,† The New York Times, April 5, 2006. Murphy, Chris, â€Å"Amazon, The Services Firm,† Information Week, June 10, 2003. Peers, Martin, â€Å"Launching New Tablet, Amazon Plays With Fire,† The Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2011. Pratt, Mary K., â€Å"Feds Race to the Cloud,† Computerworld, July 13, 2011. Tibken, Shara, â€Å"Amazon Cloud Snafu Disrupts Websites,† The Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2011. Whiting, Rick, â€Å"System Overhaul Boosts Amazon’s Inventory Update Time,† Information Week, February 19, 2002. Stu Woo, â€Å"Expenses Eat at Amazon’s Profit,† The Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2011. Stu Woo and Michelle Kung, â€Å"Netflix, Amazon Add to Movies,† The Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2011.

Immune System and Blood Platelets A.

Which of the following are concerned with the prevention of bacterial Infections In different parts of the human body? Alimentary canal Respiratory tract Blood A. Digestive enzymes hair white blood cells B. Mucus cilia red blood cells acid blood platelets D. Bile salts Directions: Questions 48 and 49 refer to the graph below which shows the changes In the concentration of antibodies In the blood of a person with time: 48. The increase in the antibody concentration on day 7 might be caused by A. Excessive bleeding B. The entry of bacteria C. Recovery from a disease D. The intake of a large amount of antibiotics 49. The antibody concentration increased rapidly on day 21 because the person A. Developed a fever. B. Received a vaccination. C. Was Infected by the same type of antigen. D. Produced a large number of phagocytes. 32. Which of the following components of the blood can destroy bacteria that have entered the body? (1) antibodies (2) phagocytes (3) blood platelets A. (1) and (2) o nly B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) onlyD. (2) and (3) 46. Which of the following are examples of artificial immunity? (1) Injection of vaccine into the body (2) Injection of antibodies into the body (3) Injection of antibiotics into the body A. (1) only B. (1) and (2) only 34. In the alimentary canal, bacteria in food are mainly killed by A. Saliva. B. Mucus. C. Gastric Juice D. Pancreatic Juice Directions: Questions 49 and 50 refer to the graphs below, which show the changes in the antibody level in the blood as a result of two methods of inducing immunity in humans: 49.Substance P can be (1) bacteria. (2) antigens. (3) antibodies. B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only 50. What is the advantage of method 2 over method 1 in inducing immunity? A. The B. The immunity can develop faster. C. It can stimulate the white blood cells to produce more antibodies. D. The body can become immune against a wider range of diseases. 01 18. Which of the following statements about a ntibodies is correct? A. They act on specific antigens. B. They are produced by phagocytes. C. They develop a memory for antigensD. They can replicate rapidly during infection. 60. Which of the following structures produce secretions that can protect the body from infection? (1) skin (2) stomach (3) trachea 02 42. A person was infected by the same kind of pathogen twice within a month. Assuming the quantity of pathogen for both infections was the same, which of the following graphs correctly shows the change in the pathogen level in the person's blood?