VISION STATEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

VISION STATEMENT - Essay Example While there have been more exact and specific formulations of performance management, most notably by Dr. Aubrey Daniels who in the 1970s identified a technology specifically designed to manage behavior and results, for the consideration of performance management in this context, the essay will advance with the broader contextual interpretation. Recently Ford Motor Company altered an aspect of their performance management system to better evaluate employee performance. The past system had been the target of a number of law suits over complaints that it was skewed towards age discrimination. The new performance management system eliminates quotas from the performance rating system and updates the appraisal process through a newly updated system. This shift was the first major shift in performance management at Ford Motor Company since 2000 when the last system was instituted in an effort to increase bottom-line results and to alter the long stagnant corporate climate at Ford. (Karash 2005) The appraisal process at Ford Motor Company is based on a grading system much like one might experience in a university or high school scholastic environment. The company’s performance management system grades managers at various company levels with an A, B, or C performance rating. The grade is based on a complicated rubric that includes a number of internal factors, but is also highly contingent on productivity measures. If the employee or manager is rated at a C level then this eliminates their bonus for that year. If the employee or manager spends more than one year at the C grade scale and receives this performance rating for the second year then they are potentially demoted or in certain circumstances released. Over 18,000 managers are rated through this grading system. While the average number of managers receiving the C rating was intended to be at 10% for a number of years, recent reports indicate that the performance management system

How Traditional Family Cultural Survive in the Future Essay Example for Free

How Traditional Family Cultural Survive in the Future Essay Traditional businesses are essential and important for a country. These reveals the lovely culture and habits of nation. These are the most attractive places where foreigners visit whenever they arrive to the land. Foreigners also buy traditional products which is difficult to be bought in their places and be placed at their home for their arrival and remembrances of the places where they visited. Not only for foreigners but also for local people, traditional products show how a person love culture and tradition of that nation. They play an important role in the standard of nation, so it is impossible for them to be disappeared although they get a little way to success. When a country becomes more developed, there is a lesser number of traditional business. The other business are favored and traditional businesses are transformed into these businesses because they are relatively more easy to succeed and can get more profit. Traditional businesses are made by humans and cannot be substituted by others. Therefore, they are too expensive for basic people to buy and use them. The other substituted things are processed by machines and standardized. They produce in large quantities and get economy of scale and can be sold in low price. The basic choose the cheaper one for their daily use how much they love their tradition. But the country is based on basic class, not on upper class. The demands go down and traditions have to depend on foreigners and upper class, especially. There is a little chance for every traditional culture business to survive although it cannot be disappeared from the market. All have to transform and innovate new things. Their management style, production process orientation have to be upgraded. Almost all traditional businesses are sole traders. Their finances, profession and ability to do are limited. Only the person who leads the business decide what to do, how to do and who have to do. The other member are not included in the decision, the other members of the family or the floor workers. They have to change this because ones profession is limited, the decision may be very fast but may not be as good as one deciding by many. They do not have any accurate documents. Some only have Cash Book, Debtors book and Creditors book. They never draw any financial statement and never check their income and expenses. Some firms may not have any of these, they keep the cash to the drawers when something is sold. And at the end of the day, they keep it to the drawer. And also their pricing, they set the price above the cost of production. Prices are not set stable. Customer has to have full knowledge to get goods with right price. The production processes are made to be smooth. Not all the processes let human make. Making traditional things must be made by human but aided by machine. It can lessen time, make lower cost of production and can control the quality. Machines are more accurate than human. For example, in the process of making pots, they are fired with woods by humans. Instead of this ovens can be replaced. They can be fired with accurate temperature and woods do not need. It can lessen the cost and wages can be reduced. To do these, technology is the key point. Nowadays, we do business in production orientation. We do the best, but we do not know what the customers need, we do not find what they want from us. We have to change into marketing orientation. We must find out what customer needs, how can we fulfill their wish. We have to research on the market. People are bored when they get the only one thing. They always want newest thing, they always seek in us. We have to make innovation based on the tradition. It is important to have great care not missing tradition. foreigners are main customers for the traditional market. Although we can produce the products, we are weak in market distribution. so, we should need organization to improve traditional business. we should make internet website about traditional business. we should make knowledge distribution of tradition to the local. we should connect with travel tourism .so ,they introduce to visit our industry. And we explain the production process step by step thoroughly .we should create the design update. In traditional job, main problem is rare raw material. If we meet this problem , we should think the another way to substitute with other.

Conductivity :: essays research papers

Super conductivity is a natural phenomenon in which certain materials such as metals, alloys, and ceramics, can conduct electricity without resistance. These materials are what we call superconductors. In a superconductor, once the flow of electrons begins, it essentially goes on forever, making it an important material to humans. Superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch scientist by the name of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. While researching properties of materials at absolute zero, this man found out that certain materials lost its resistance to the flow of electrons. For years to come, his discovery was at the head of theoretical interest. The only problem though, was that people at that time could not even think of a way to produce such a temperature, to allow materials to be superconductors at all times. This all changed in 1986 when Karl Muller and George Bednorz were working at the IBM Research Division in Zurich, Switzerland. They found a material that reached supercond uctivity at around 35 degrees Kelvin or –238 degrees Celsius. In the next year, a team of Chinese-American physicists declared that they had found a material that reached superconductivity at 92 degrees Kelvin. This was a big improvement. 92 degrees Kelvin is not a very high temperature, in fact, it is the equivalent of –181 degrees Celsius. Locating superconducting material above 77 degree Kelvin is a good thing because it means that the material will be easily produced and used. A theoretical understanding of superconductivity was advanced in 1957 by American physicists John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer. Their Theories of Superconductivity became know as the BCS theory (which came from each mans last name) and won them a Nobel prize in 1972. The BCS theory explained superconductivity at temperatures close to absolute zero. However, at higher temperatures and with different superconductor systems, the BCS theory has consequently became insufficient to ful ly explain electron behavior. The Type 1 category of superconductors is basically made up of pure metals that normally show conductivity at room temperature. They require really cold temperatures to slow down molecular vibrations enough to facilitate unrestrained electron flow in agreement to the BCS theory. BCS theory suggests that electrons team up in cooper pairs in order to help each other overcome molecular obstacles. Type 1 superconductors were discovered first and require the coldest temperatures to become superconductive. They are characterized by a very sharp transition to a superconducting state.

The Primitive Nature of Man Revealed in Lord of the Flies :: Lord Flies Essays

The Primitive Nature of Man Revealed in Lord of the Flies      Ã‚  Ã‚   A running theme in Lord of the Flies is that man is savage at heart, always ultimately reverting back to an evil and primitive nature. The cycle of man's rise to power, or righteousness, and his inevitable fall from grace is an important point that book proves again and again, often comparing man with characters from the Bible to give a more vivid picture of his descent. Lord Of The Flies symbolizes this fall in different manners, ranging from the illustration of the mentality of actual primitive man to the reflections of a corrupt seaman in purgatory.    The novel is the story of a group of boys of different backgrounds who are marooned on an unknown island when their plane crashes. As the boys try to organize and formulate a plan to get rescued, they begin to separate and as a result of the dissension a band of savage tribal hunters is formed. Eventually the "stranded boys in Lord of the Flies almost entirely shake off civilized behavior: (Riley 1: 119). When the confusion finally leads to a manhunt [for Ralph], the reader realizes that despite the strong sense of British character and civility that has been instilled in the youth throughout their lives, the boys have backpedaled and shown the underlying savage side existent in all humans. "Golding senses that institutions and order imposed from without are temporary, but man's irrationality and urge for destruction are enduring" (Riley 1: 119).    The novel shows the reader how easy it is to revert back to the evil nature inherent in man. If a group of well-conditioned school boys can ultimately wind up committing various extreme travesties, one can imagine what adults, leaders of society, are capable of doing under the pressures of trying to maintain world relations. Lord of the Flies' apprehension of evil is such that it touches the nerve of contemporary horror as no English novel of its time has done; it takes us, through symbolism, into a world of active, proliferating evil which is seen, one feels, as the natural condition of man and which is bound to remind the reader of the vilest manifestations of Nazi regression (Riley 1: 120).    In the novel, Simon is a peaceful lad who tries to show the boys that there is no monster on the island except the fears that the boys have.

Adidas History Essay

Adidas was founded in 1924 in Germany by two bothers Adi and Rudolf Dassler. The company was first named Dassler shoes and later became Adidas. By the Dassler shoes being seen in the Olympics this really helped the company get its name known. However, in 1948 Rudolf Dassler leaves to start his own company which is now known as Puma. Once Rudolf left his brother came up with the famous three stripes logo and changed the name to Adidas. The 3 stripes were created to keep the foot stable, but ended up being the logo. Throughout the years Adidas was seen in the Olympics, and it was the leading brand making their shoes highly sought after by Olympic athletes. In 1978, Adi Dassler passed at age 78 and his wife Kathe ran the company. Six years later Kathe passed and the company was left for their son Horst Dassler to run, and three years later Horst passed at age 51. After Horst’s death Adidas ran into some major financial problems, and later Bernard Tapie comes to make an attempt to save the company. Well to be honest, later down the road a hip-hop group named Run-DMC came and put Adidas on another level just like Jordan did for Nike, and the rest is history! They even made a song called â€Å"My Adidas†, and it was a hit all around the world. After Run-DMC came to Adidas they even had their own signature line. Run DMC is still making Adidas money today just like Jordan is still making Nike tons of money these guys are true legends to the â€Å"Shoe Game†. Adidas has worked with many famous people and has a signature shoe line for Stan Smith, Kevin Garnett, Tracy McGrady aka TMAC, Missy Elliot, and many others. (The Shoe Game) Adidas America, Inc. manufactures and wholesales sports footwear, apparel, and accessories. It offers tennis, running, and basketball shoes; women’s and misses’ outerwear; men’s and boys’ clothing; and women’s and children’s clothing, as well as rubber or plastic footwear. Adidas America, Inc. was formerly known as Sports, Inc. and changed its name to Adidas America, Inc. in 1993. The company was incorporated in 1975 and is based in Portland, Oregon. Adidas America, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Adidas AG. (Inside View) Sportswear giant Adidas gets a new headquarter for its 1700 staff members in Herzogenaurach, Germany. Their new home surely matches the German reputation for quality engineering. I also love the  excess of white used for the interior design, pretty sure their cleaning company has a great time doing their job. (Nimvo) MISSION OF THE COMPANY The adidas Group strives to be the global leader in the sporting goods industry with sports brands built on a passion for sports and a sporting lifestyle. †¢ Adidas is consumer focused and therefore it continuously improve the quality, look, feel and image of its products and its organizational structures to match and exceed consumer expectations and to provide them with the highest value. †¢ Adidas is innovation and design leaders who seek to help athletes of all skill levels achieve peak performance with every product it bring to market. †¢ Adidas is a global organization that is socially and environmentally responsible, creative and financially rewarding for its employees’ and shareholders. †¢ Adidas is committed to continuously strengthening its brands and products to improve its competitive position. †¢ The Company is dedicated to consistently delivering outstanding financial results. MISSION OF THE MARKETING PLAN To devise a marketing plan and formulate strategies which would help in the achievement of the marketing objectives of the company which are, Market penetration – gaining market share across all markets in which it compete Market development – expanding into new markets and addressing new consumers Awareness – increasing awareness and visibility across all brands, providing clear and consistent messaging and supporting product initiatives at the point-of-sale. TARGET MARKETS — The target market of Adidas is the urban youth with the brand proposition competition to lifestyle. The principle consumption centers namely the metros are also a potential target market! MARKET NEEDS †¢ Comfort †¢ Durability †¢ Style †¢ Price †¢ Brand SITUATION ANALYSIS OF THE CHALLENGE COMPETITIVE SCOPES OF  ADIDAS Porter’s five forces of competition framework view the profitability of an industry as determined by the five forces of competitive pressure. It is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. It helps a firm in understanding its current strength in the industry. It also brings into light the strengths of the competitors. With a clear understanding of where power lies, a firm can take reasonable advantage of a situation of strength, improve a situation of weakness, grab the opportunities and keep away from taking wrong steps. This makes it an important part of planning a strategy for any firm in any industry. At the same time, the tool helps in identifying whether new products, services have any future prospect and the potential to be profitable. (Scribd) Five forces analysis for Adidas: Threat of entry (Low-moderate) Threat of Substitute (LOW) Supplier Power (Low) Buyer Power (High) Rivalry (HIGH) Chapter 3 book page 60 Expectation of Suppliers Global Sourcing is a key organization of the adidas Group and its primary responsibility is the creation and implementation of sourcing strategy, supporting the diverse needs of all the brands (adidas, Reebok and Tailor-Made-adidas Golf), product divisions, categories and regions within  the Group. The Company strives to become the leading organization in the industry by establishing an adaptive supply network which excels in speed, innovation, agility and connectivity. This could not happen without the support and commitment of its product suppliers. Thus this is essential for them to share the same values and principles so as to drive the success of the supply chain as a whole. What does Adidas look for in its product suppliers? Overall Competence Regarding its product suppliers as strategic business partners, Adidas recruit them based on a number of criteria which comprise the overall competence of a supplier: 1. Vision: with a vision to become the leading organization in the industry through establishing an adaptive supply network which excels in speed, innovation, agility and connectivity, Adidas expect it suppliers to share this vision, and participate proactively in developing these core capabilities and contribute to the overall supply chain. 2. Supplier Partnerships based on Shared Values: adidas Group seeks suppliers who have close alignments with their values and demonstrate great passion for adidas Group products and brands. Adidas suppliers should strive to become leaders in the fields of performance culture, social and environmental affairs, quality, efficiency, price/value, and innovation. 3. Technical Capability: the Company seek product suppliers with advanced technical capabilities, not only limited to product innovation and quality, but also with the ability to perform business electronically and flexibly enough to upgrade their systems to adapt to future market demands. It suppliers should continuously promote communication and information visibility throughout the supply chain. 4. Leadership: adidas Group seeks suppliers who have a clear and aligned  vision for their organization. The suppliers’ leadership teams are expected to build positive working culture and lead their workforce to achieve improvement and performance targets on a continuous basis. 5. People Management: The Company looks for suppliers who commit to talent management. Suppliers should maintain a professional organization structure which includes dedicated development / merchandizing, planning, industrial engineering, quality and information technology teams, as well as committing to deliver lean operations, competitive cost structure, and cost transparency. 6. Workplace Standards and Ethics: The Company believes better working conditions yield higher quality, efficiency and flexibility to meet customer needs. Suppliers should provide their workers with competitive wages, safe and good working and living environments as well as proper incentives for higher quality and productivity (e.g. lower average working hours in general, decent accommodation and fringe benefits, etc.). 7. Financial Stability: The Company seek suppliers who are financially stable and comply with international and local statutory regulations for the interest of maintaining a viable supply chain and protecting adidas Group shareholders and consumers in the long term. Suppliers should be willing to share selective financial information with adidas Group upon request. Risk Management To minimize risks in Adidas business operations, the adidas Group and its suppliers should actively build and take action plans to manage the following types of risks: 1. Social -They adhere to their established Code of Conduct, the â€Å"Workplace Standards† of Engagement (SOEs) 2. Political – They minimize asset and cash exposure in countries which are considered to be politically unstable. 3. Regulatory – They actively review and adjust sourcing strategies annually to minimize trade restrictions exposure 4. Legal – They utilize extensive legal procedures to combat counterfeit operations in order to minimize the risk of infringement of trademarks and patent rights related to adidas Group products 5. Natural – They maintain high safety standards and have disaster recovery plans in place to deal with such circumstances Business Culture To ensure Its business operates in an efficient and effective manner, adidas Group has established a unique business culture which comprises the following: 1. Right Product at the Right Time – Suppliers are expected to deliver the right products at the right time and in the right quality. The aim is to shorten the end-to-end supply chain lead time from raw materials sourcing to the delivery of final products. 2. Quality Excellence – Quality is one of the main focuses for adidas Group. Its suppliers should ensure all products manufactured meet the defined set of standards. 3. Continuous Improvement – Product suppliers are expected to continuously embrace and drive positive changes and make necessary investments to achieve operational improvements in their organizations. 4. End-to-End Mindset – Suppliers are expected to share equal responsibilities with adidas Group in building an optimum supply network so as to achieve maximum and sustainable total profitability for all stakeholders. 5. Performance Culture – Suppliers should instill a performance culture by continuously setting and meeting aggressive yet reasonable business targets. Customer-Focused In today’s fast-moving world with ever-changing consumer needs and demands, it is crucial for adidas Group and its supply base to keep abreast with the changes and align its development and product allocation strategies closely to market trends. The Company expects its suppliers to instill this customer-focused mindset and be fully committed to the implementation of its development and product allocation strategies. Cost Efficiency As part of a global organization, Adidas focus on the best interest of the entire supply network. It achieves this by driving Performance Culture, Quality, Reliability and Innovation which will enable its suppliers to offer leading price and value. Adidas suppliers are expected to collaborate on improvement programs that continuously increase efficiency and reduce cost. This means that suppliers should utilize productivity and efficiency gains to offset increasing cost drivers and minimize impact on customer prices (Adidas Group) References: http://theshoegame.com/Adidas-History.html http://www.insideview.com/directory/adidas-america-inc http://www.nimvo.com/adidas-head-quarters-in-germany/ http://www.scribd.com/doc/8760709/Adidas http://www.adidas-group.com/supplierrecruitment/expectationonsuppliers.aspx?loc=en

Operation Condor essays

Operation Condor essays The authoritarian repression of the 1970s and the 1980s was very difficult for the South American victims of the tortures. They could not escape this repression even by fleeing their own countries. The government rulers of the countries had tortured and disappeared many dissidents, so many potentially so-called subversives decided to protect themselves by leaving the country. This, however, did not guarantee their safety, as the intelligence organization and cooperation of governments involved in Operation Condor tracked down these subversives every move and agreed to bring the subversives to justice, no matter the country where they resided Recently, Operation Condor has been gaining publicity because of the trials of Pinochet and the use of universal jurisdiction and the newly discovered Archives of Terror. Operation Condor, which is also being investigated by the same judge trying Pinochet, Garzon, has run into numerous obstacles for bringing about these trials and justice. Operation Condor strengthened the net of torture in South America because it involved a cooperation of all military forces to pursue subversives in all countries. Because it was run mainly by intelligence agencies of all the countries and even involved the powerful United States Central Intelligence Agency, the actual documentation of the operation is still yet to be disclosed. However, in order to bring the Operation Condor to justice, a cooperation of all countries involved will need to take place, but this time in pursuit of justice, not torture. To further understand the Operation Condor, it is important to analyze the events of the political world when Operation Condor occurred. The time period in which Operation Condor occurred gives us many clues of why it happened. Operation Condor was established in 1974, following the 1973 coup de etat that ousted leftist Salvador Allende. During this authoritarian repression, a fear of leftist, Marxi...

Simple Cueillir Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Cueillir Verb Conjugations in French There are many useful verbs in the French language. Among those is  cueillir, which means to gather or to pick. Its an irregular verb and you will have to commit the verb conjugations to memory rather than rely on a pattern. A quick lesson will show you how to conjugate  cueillir  and  use its present and past participle. Conjugating the French Verb  Cueillir Verb conjugations allow us to change the verb to match the tense or mood of a sentence. In English, we use -ed and -ing endings to do this, though its more complicated in French. That is because we need to change the verb for every tense and mood as well as each subject pronoun within those. Cueillir  is an  irregular verb  and it does not follow one of the common verb conjugation patterns. This makes learning it more of a challenge. However, you can apply what you learn here to similar verbs such as  accueillir (to welcome)  and  recueillir (to collect). Consider practicing this small group together to make learning each a little easier. For the simplest conjugates of  cueillir, begin by identifying the verb stem of  cueill-. Then, match the subject pronoun to the present, future, or imperfect past tense to learn the correct verb ending. For instance, I gather is je cueille and we will gather is nous cueillerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je cueille cueillerai cueillais tu cueilles cueilleras cueillais il cueille cueillera cueillait nous cueillons cueillerons cueillions vous cueillez cueillerez cueilliez ils cueillent cueilleront cueillaient The Present Participle of  Cueillir The  present participle  of cueillir  is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem. This gives us  cueillant.  Its a verb, of course, though its also used as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  past participle  of  cueillir  is  cueilli. This is used to form the common past tense known as the  passà © composà ©. To use it, begin with the subject pronoun, then conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  before attaching the past participle. For instance, I gathered is jai cueilli and we picked up is nous avons cueilli. More Simple  Cueillir  Conjugations There are more conjugations of  cueillir  that you should know, but here were focused on the most basic. At first, concentrate on the simple forms above, then you can add the following verb forms to your vocabulary. You will find the subjunctive and conditional verb moods useful when the action of gathering is somehow questionable. These two are quite useful in conversation. In contrast, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily literary forms. While you may not use them yourself, being able to at least recognize them is a good idea. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je cueille cueillerais cueillis cueillisse tu cueilles cueillerais cueillis cueillisses il cueille cueillerait cueillit cueillà ®t nous cueillions cueillerions cueillà ®mes cueillissions vous cueilliez cueilleriez cueillà ®tes cueillissiez ils cueillent cueilleraient cueillirent cueillissent The imperative verb form is used for direct and often assertive commands and requests. When using it, skip the subject pronoun: use cueille rather than tu cueille. Imperative (tu) cueille (nous) cueillons (vous) cueillez

The hegemonic decline of the United States and the eastward shift in the global capitalist economy The WritePass Journal

The hegemonic decline of the United States and the eastward shift in the global capitalist economy Abstract The hegemonic decline of the United States and the eastward shift in the global capitalist economy : 33) In turn, this will end up hurting the most powerful sovereign nation, which will find it increasingly difficult to maintain military hegemony without the ability to print out as many dollars as it needs. The erosion of political sovereignty as a result of the Great Recession of 2008 and the reaction to it by the ‘Second World’ goes hand in hand with the idea of privatisation of economic power, managed at supranational and extraterritorial level by powerful private concerns (Khanna, 2008: 41). These supranational concerns are in the process of setting up their own regulatory schemes, imposed on individual territorial states, which are finding it increasingly difficult to resist them. My preliminary findings show that the realignment of economic international systems is the main conduit by which harmonisation leading to an hegemonic shift in favour of China will be activated. In addition, there is a definite reaction by what I would call the Shanghai Cooperation Orga nisation bloc (notably China and Russia, but also the likes of India and Iran). The harmonisation process is proceeding apace in the West. This reaction in the Second World is generating its own kind of harmonisation. The political sovereignty of nations could also be further impaired by the conflict that will arise as a result of it. Trying to eliminate the logic of anarchy brings with it the possibility of conflict. As Schmitt put it, the political cannot exist outside the realm of conflict. It is expected that the United States will not let China accumulate the necessary military capabilities in order to establish itself as the new hegemon. Preliminary findings There are several factors which enables us to think that a hegemonic transition is taking place. A massive, imposing display of Chinese-constructed fighter aircraft and other military equipment was used to commemorate the 60th anniversary of communist Chinas founding, on 1 October, 2009. At the same time, Chinas space industry was rapidly burgeoning and continuing to develop. Along with the fact that the Chinese economy continued to expand during a global recession and a rising position on the world political stage, these technological advances indicate Chinas movement towards the status of a world superpower. While the rest of the world struggled in 2009, the Chinese economy exemplified a remarkable flexibility in returning to significant growth. The Chinese government attributes this economic resilience to Chinas blend of communism with capitalism, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach taken by the West (Guthrie, 1999: 122). In early 2009, a migration of millions of workers from urban areas to rural locales resulted from the closure of factories that produced exports on the east coast and south coast of China. The steep price of fuel and food had put pressure on household budgets in 2008, and in order to halt inflation, stringent financial and credit policies were set in place. These policies caused the construction industry to dip, as well as a slump in the property market. In response, the Chinese government created a stimulus package in November 2008 that was worth 4 trillion yuan (about $586 billion). Approximately 50% of the stimulus package was set aside for improving infrastructure, such as railways and airports, primarily in rural regions, while a further 25% was designated for the Sichuan province, which had been severely affected by a May 2008 earthquake and was in need of rebuilding. Banks were ordered to increase lending, and the result was a 164% upsurge of loans in the first three quarters of 2009. This facilitated a rebound of the economy, which occurred far more quickly than in other countries. (Wright, 2010: 221). Additionally, the latter part of the year saw the recovery of exports, which set China up to overtake Germany as the top exporter world-wide. As a result, speculation grew as to whether China could reclaim the dominant position that it once held prior to the early 1800s, at which time it provided roughly one third of manufacturing in the world, compared to just 25% of manufacturing in the West. This outcome was rendered more probably by a trade deal with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations that transpired at the end of the year. As the worlds largest creditor, China had a symbiotic and mutually beneficial relationship with the U.S., the globes biggest debtor, that had become vital in the effort to rebalance the global economy. Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the Peoples Bank of China (PBOC) issued a statement on 23 March 2009 that called for an interna tional currency that would replace the U.S. dollar as the primary global currency and would remain unattached to individual countries; he argued that this currency would have increased stability over time. The Peoples Bank of China also proposed that Special Drawing Rights, which were designed in 1969 by the IMF for utilisation between international institutions and governments, might be employed on a wider scale and used as payment in international finance and trade transactions. This would reduce fluctuations in price and the risks associated with these fluctuations. The initiative was made again at the yearly Group of Eight (G-8) summit that took place in Italy in July 2009. Delegates from China, India, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa (also known as the Group of Five) were also invited to the summit, where China, along with India and Russia (a G-8 member) called for an overhaul of the global financial system and a halt to dollar domination. In the latter part of September 2009, the president of the World Bank, Robert Zoellick, cautioned that the U.S. dollar faced an increasing threat due to the rising force of both the euro and the Chinese yuan. At this juncture China had surpassed Japan as the main creditor of the U.S.; there were concerns coming from Beijing that the $800.5 billion value of U.S. Treasury securities, along with other assets that constituted 60% of Chinas foreign-exchange reserves and 30% of foreign-exchange reserves globally, would be attenuated by American debt and decreasing confidence in the U.S. dollar. Â  China presented a temporary solution, which was to resist purchasing U.S. Treasury stock and, more significantly, to advocate the utilisation of the yuan as a world currency. (Kim, 2010: 49). Bibliography Arrighi, G., Capitalism and the Modern World-System: Rethinking the Non-debates of the 1970s Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Vol. 21, No. 1 (1998), pp. 113-129 Arrighi, G. The Three Hegemonies of Historical Capitalism, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Volume 13, Number 3 (Summer, 1990), pp. 365-408 Basch, L. et al (1993) Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Gordon and Breach, London Bobbitt, Philip (2002) The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History. New York, Alfred Knopf Bryson, J. Nick, H., Keebie, D. and Martin, R. (1999) The Economic Geography Reader: Producing and Consuming Global Capitalism, Wiley, New York Dilly, R. (1992) Contesting Markets: Analyses of Ideology, Discourse and Practice, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Fukuyama, F. (1992) The Last Man and the End of History, Free Press. New York Gill, S. (Ed.) (1993)Â  Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Gilpin, R. (1981) War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Guthrie, D. (1999) Dragon in a Three-Piece Suit: The Emergence of Capitalism in China, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Harvey, D. (2005) The New Imperialism, Oxford University Press, Oxford Holub, R. (1992) Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism, Routledge, New York Jacques, M. (2009) When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order, Penguin Press, New York Jansson, B. (2001) The Sixteen-Trillion-Dollar Mistake: How the U.S. Bungled Its National Priorities from the New Deal to the Present, Columbia University Press, New York Khanna, P. (2008) The Second World, Penguin Books, London Kim, Yong-Ki, The Rise of G20 and Koreas Response , SERI Quarterly. Volume: 3. Issue: 4 October 2010, pp. 49-66 Kindleberger, C. Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy, International Studies Quarterly 25(2) (1981), pp. 242-54 Mandel, E. (1995) Long Waves of Capitalist Development, Verso, London Marx, K. (1863) The Capital, Volume III, marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm MCCarthy, G. (1990) Marx and the Ancients: Classical Ethics, Social Justice, and Nineteenth-Century Political Economy, Rowman and Littlefield, Savage, MD Organski, A.F.K. (1969) World Politics, Knopf, New York Suominen, K. (2012) Peerless and Periled: The Paradox of American Leadership in the World Economic Order, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA Wright, T. (2010) Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in Chinas Reform Era, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA

Video summary Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Video summary - Movie Review Example tions since cars will reduce hence creating more parking spaces and reduce the commotion: only those people who genuinely need to drive in New York will come with their cars. Firstly the implementation will lead to reduced air pollution, make pedestrian life better, save a lot of energy and probably slow down the global warming. Above all, it will improve how public realm of New York; how to use sign boards and create a favorable environment for everybody residing the city. Professor Shoup does not see the sense as to why New York is an expensive city and people pays high costs for residence while they park for free which should be the other way round. He compares New York with the city of Pasadena. Were after putting parking revenue, the city has become beautiful with money collected being used to clean the rods and pavements, pays for police services, lights the streets at night and generally unlacing the public wealth of the city. I think this is a quite brilliant idea and should be applied in all cities that are experiencing parking and traffic jams

Definition of Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of Family - Essay Example It is also considered to be a basic and significant unit for bringing up children in a social manner. A family may be classified as a multifocal family in which a mother and the children are present, a conjugal family in which the husband, wife and their children from the members of the family and extended family in which apart from the parents and the children there are other members residing in the family who are originally the members of the parents in this family. A family in which only parents and their children live is called a nuclear family whereas extended families with a wide number of relationships are known as joint families. Family is an important unit of socialization. The term family is used to refer to inclusive categories like nationhood, community, humanism and global villages. A family forms the basic unit for all these categories in a society. Family is also considered to be a significant economic unit which is widely studied under family economics. Many sociological and biological theories have been presented by different scholars to support the concept and evolution of family in the society from the starting of the human civilization till the present day. The biological theory of evolution coined by Darwin is an important theory in the area of evolution of systems of family in the human societies. The concept of family has also evolved in phased of savagery barbarism and civilization as indicated by other anthropologists like Lewis H. Morgan. The concept of family as an important social unit has been recognized most widely in the civilization stage of human progress (Forbes 20). The transformation of the civilized society and a class based society from a primitive community is identified to have been largely driven by the evolution of family systems in the human societies. The function and structure of families are said to depend largely on the

Cover Memo for two messages attached Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cover Memo for two messages attached - Assignment Example For instance, ethical and logical appeals was created when I used the statement ‘We are a team of 55 marketing and media and professionals, and ‘Provide us with approximately 5o rooms and 2 conference rooms.’ These enabled us to captivate the attention of our audience to actually believe in us as credible persons who were serious about visiting the facility. Besides, I used the strategy of first person narration. As part of the team making inquiry, I had to speak on behalf of my team. Thus, I often used ‘I’, ‘we’ and ‘us’ appropriately. This made it much easier for me to communicate my message and appeal to my audience. Meanwhile, in Message 5, I used the strategy of courtesy when addressing my audience. This simply means the use of polite language in my communications. Even if the message was being written as protest of a poor quality work done to us, I decided to humble myself before my audience. These were evidenced in statements such as ‘We felt fortunate for your company to install an iron gate for one of our business tenants,’ ‘We were glad to transact with your company as it had provided us with a one year warranty for the gate’ and ‘We kindly ask you to send your team to inspect the gate and remedy the problem as soon as possible.’ I had to opt for this strategy because it convinces the audience. Indeed, it made me to win the confidence and attention of my audience whose services would be essential to us. On the other hand, I used appropriate vocabularies in my message. As a business communication, I knew that I would have to use terms and jargons such as transact, warranty, inspect and remedy. Their relevance made to be up to the context of my

Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders Research Paper

Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders - Research Paper Example For leadership to occur there needs to be some leader-follower relationship ­ without followers, there is no leader (Hay & Hodgkinson, 2006). Though a leader might be chosen as part of a formal system, a person can be a leader without official authorization. The actual leader of a group might not be the "assigned" manager, and in reality, the roles of leader and follower may be ever-changing, as needs and circumstances change (Burns, 1978, 2003). Leaders are a means toward change (Bass, 1981). Burns (1978, 2003) points-out that the primary, driving force for leadership is change, and leaders/followers have a dynamic interdependency. They succeed or fail, based on how well they work through change. According to Bolman and Terrence (2003), although leaders may share some common qualities (i.e., vision), a major factor in making leaders is the situation or environment in which they lead and/or develop. Kouzes and Posner (1995) state that job assignments, relationships/contacts with ot her people, as well as formal training and education can help develop leadership. Integrity and Moral Leadership Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines integrity as "firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values; an unimpaired condition; the quality or state of being complete or undivided." But integrity is more complicated than these simple definitions. Persons of integrity must be independent enough to choose freely the values by which they will guide their lives. They must have an awareness and understanding of both their strengths and weaknesses and the capacity to evaluate themselves in a realistic fashion without self-deception (Spencer, 1996). Integrity may be seen as related to the desires with which we identify in order to act effectively in our lives. This identification signifies our capability to focus on reasons for carrying out certain actions other than our simple desire to do so. We therefore possess values relevant to our behavior and not just desires. We can be said to value something provided the identifications are sufficiently consistent and derived through practical reasoning and a sense of responsibility to act according to them. Integrity is displayed through self ­ awareness and self-control in acknowledging these values (Taylor, 1985). According to Ciulla (1995), in defining "good" leaders, consideration must be given of their ethics, as well as their effectiveness. It is a leader's character that really matters (Bass & Steidlmeier, 1999). Leadership quality can't be considered without evaluating character, and core values are more critical than anything else (e.g., expertise, techniques, knowledge) (Sankar 2003). "Moral literacy is as important as computer literacy to a leader's effectiveness" (Sankar, 2003, p. 52). Ethical leadership in an organization can be heavily influenced by its senior leadership. Hood (2003) found that, in order to understand an organization's ethical practices, it is significant to understand the moral orientation of its CEO. Even the most ethical supervisors will have difficulty if their own upper management is unethical. For there to be an ethical organization, along with top management support, there needs to be a corporate-wide ethics policy, and, most importantly, there is a need for individual leaders who practice ethical behavior (i.e., integrity, honesty, trustworthiness) (Carlson & Perrewe, 1995).

Paul Samuelson, Abba Lerner and John Kenneth Galbraith in relation to Assignment

Paul Samuelson, Abba Lerner and John Kenneth Galbraith in relation to the idea of human flourishing - Assignment Example In one of his principles he stated that a government should maintain a reasonable level of demand at all times (Samuelson & Puttaswamaiah, 2002). In this consideration, he also added that in case of too little spending in the society; the government should reduce taxes or increase its own spending to correct the situation that also leads to unemployment. The other principle stated that by borrowing money when there is need to raise the interest rate and through lending money when there is need to reduce the rate of interest, the administration should be able to uphold the rate of interest that encourages the best amount of investment (Samuelson & Puttaswamaiah, 2002). All the two finance principles were summarized in his principles with the limiting the national debt principle so that all the needs of the people in the society are taken into consideration. John Kenneth Galbraith also had principles that argued and was based on understanding the trouble that exist currently within economics and economic policies. The works that were created by him were partly rooted to Marshall’s theory of the firm most of his principles were followed after the post war economy was dominated by bureaucratic corporations with more demand of consumers and also financiers. The principles he developed believed on expenditure as a factor that would be used to satisfy the needs of the consumer. The policies that are developed by the government are those focusing on consumer satisfaction.

Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders Research Paper

Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders - Research Paper Example For leadership to occur there needs to be some leader-follower relationship ­ without followers, there is no leader (Hay & Hodgkinson, 2006). Though a leader might be chosen as part of a formal system, a person can be a leader without official authorization. The actual leader of a group might not be the "assigned" manager, and in reality, the roles of leader and follower may be ever-changing, as needs and circumstances change (Burns, 1978, 2003). Leaders are a means toward change (Bass, 1981). Burns (1978, 2003) points-out that the primary, driving force for leadership is change, and leaders/followers have a dynamic interdependency. They succeed or fail, based on how well they work through change. According to Bolman and Terrence (2003), although leaders may share some common qualities (i.e., vision), a major factor in making leaders is the situation or environment in which they lead and/or develop. Kouzes and Posner (1995) state that job assignments, relationships/contacts with ot her people, as well as formal training and education can help develop leadership. Integrity and Moral Leadership Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines integrity as "firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values; an unimpaired condition; the quality or state of being complete or undivided." But integrity is more complicated than these simple definitions. Persons of integrity must be independent enough to choose freely the values by which they will guide their lives. They must have an awareness and understanding of both their strengths and weaknesses and the capacity to evaluate themselves in a realistic fashion without self-deception (Spencer, 1996). Integrity may be seen as related to the desires with which we identify in order to act effectively in our lives. This identification signifies our capability to focus on reasons for carrying out certain actions other than our simple desire to do so. We therefore possess values relevant to our behavior and not just desires. We can be said to value something provided the identifications are sufficiently consistent and derived through practical reasoning and a sense of responsibility to act according to them. Integrity is displayed through self ­ awareness and self-control in acknowledging these values (Taylor, 1985). According to Ciulla (1995), in defining "good" leaders, consideration must be given of their ethics, as well as their effectiveness. It is a leader's character that really matters (Bass & Steidlmeier, 1999). Leadership quality can't be considered without evaluating character, and core values are more critical than anything else (e.g., expertise, techniques, knowledge) (Sankar 2003). "Moral literacy is as important as computer literacy to a leader's effectiveness" (Sankar, 2003, p. 52). Ethical leadership in an organization can be heavily influenced by its senior leadership. Hood (2003) found that, in order to understand an organization's ethical practices, it is significant to understand the moral orientation of its CEO. Even the most ethical supervisors will have difficulty if their own upper management is unethical. For there to be an ethical organization, along with top management support, there needs to be a corporate-wide ethics policy, and, most importantly, there is a need for individual leaders who practice ethical behavior (i.e., integrity, honesty, trustworthiness) (Carlson & Perrewe, 1995).

Principles of research & evidence based practice Essay

Principles of research & evidence based practice - Essay Example In addition, concepts and theories of nursing allege that a nurse is bound to his/her practice policies as well as personal choices. Therefore, for nurses to undertake any course of actions, evidence is supposed to lead the decisions while concepts and information enabling such decisions is required prior to implementing decisions and deemed solutions. For the nursing career, care is the major responsibility which the nurse is entrusted with as it involves of use of interventions aiming at providing care for patients with differing and a wide range of personal and medical needs (Burns, & Grove, 20). Evidence in nursing is a function of both research and analysis of data regarding medical problems that the nurse may be presented with. This means that a nurse is entitled to provide diagnosis of illness through researching on symptoms, medical tests, and information on the best practices available. However, while nurses are categorized as care givers, their welfare in terms of performan ce and attachment with the work they do has been identified as problematic at personal development level. For example, the nurses are care givers and therefore are classified as the service deliverers but their welfare hangs on the balance as they do not have bodies or entities that care for them. This is according to a research conducted by Burtson and Stichler (2010) in which they allege that satisfaction of nurses is a function of how they are treated, both in compensation and how they are developed to adapt and deal with personal issues while at the same time providing the best care to their patients. According to the results from Burtson and Stichler’s research, nurses get their satisfaction from the work they do. The responsibility of providing care to patients is one among a cluster of factors that ensure that a nurse is satisfied. The level of satisfaction enables the nurse to conduct research and employ cohesiveness in their duties. In this case, a nurse with persona l issues and unsatisfied needs is unable to provide substantial evidence-based care. In this case, the quantitative research article ‘nursing work environment and nurse caring: relationship among motivational factors’ gives an account of the various factors that influence nurse satisfaction and the possible outcomes when caring is considered. The purpose and aim of this document is to analyze the various factors of consideration that connect nursing research with best practice. In addition, a critique to two articles, quantitative and qualitative research methods, will show the different types of research methods, designs, and approaches used by the nurses before they implement their interventions. Research methods and designs are used to determine the variables and factors that affect a group of patients, individual patients, or the relevance of using treatment and control groups in a research-based intervention. Nursing therefore includes research whose purpose is to provide evidence which in turn is used to implement interventions. A background study on evidence-based practice shows that during the 1980s, evidence-based medicine was the term

History of design Essay Example for Free

History of design Essay The design history is commonly defined as the study of the objects in their stylish and historical context. This includes social, economical, technical, Cultural and aesthetic. The history of design has in it the study of all designed objects including the fashions, interiors, graphics designs, industrial and product design. The history of design has to incorporate the heroic criticism of its discipline in material culture establishment. History of design has played a major role in understanding the forma used methods of doing work until the discovery and innovations of machines in the 19th and 20th century. The role of machine in 19th and 20th century Machine is the most defining entity in the 19th and 20th century. Its entrance in the turn of the centuries was significance to the modern age and was facilitated by energy and its productivity. The innovation of the machines contributed to many changes including the shifting of people from the rural areas to the urban areas. This made people see the world in different perspective and felt as if everything was possible. The innovation of the machine had an effect to the labor practices. The aspect on which the work was being done changed, machines was viewed a savior as it would do more work at a shorter time compared to human and animals. The cultivation and tilling of land was made easy as machines would different types of work under control of one person and hence increased production. The labor practices on the other hand had some negative impact in the innovation of machines. The work that several people would be hired to do, would be done by one machine therefore contributing to the losing of jobs. (Dee, 2005) Industrial design can be defined as an applied art where aesthetic of large quantity of produced products can be improved for marketing. The industrial designer role is creating and executing design and solutions for problems of form, engineering, brand development, usability, sales and user ergonomics. The introduction of machine in the industrial design enables the given firm a chance to have mass production of products. In the 19th and 20 nth century, the introduction of machines enabled the crafts firms have more production therefore increasing profit margins. With the introduction of machines, some countries were able to put themselves in a competitive footing with other countries that had the same level of innovation. (Arthur, 1988) According to the Carma Gorman, an industrial design reader, logo has a shouting power to market the industry. The industrial designer should take into consideration the distinctiveness of the company in the market which may be determined by the designed logo. As the work of the designer is to create all the solutions that would ensure the industry has a competitive footage with others of the same field. Gorman, 2003) Innovation of machines increased efficiency in doing work. Much work could be done with the innovation of machine and be completed in a shorter time compared to work done manual. Due to high power production by the machine, some of the hard task could be done that could have otherwise required some people to accomplish. Besides doing difficult tasks, machine would do more work effectively compared to human or man power. Due to effectiveness of the machines, it was easy to predict how much work would be done and how much time would be taken to accomplish the task. Ornament is decoration detail that is mostly used to decorate or beautify part of a building or the interior furnishing. As this is done on various surfaces ranging from soft to hard surfaces like on stones, wood, metal, clay and plaster, it would require a machine to this king of work. Before the innovation of machines, this was done by hand which consumed much time and energy. The introduction of machines helped in making more complex designs on clothes, ceramics, furnishers, metalwork and on clay. (John, 1963) Machines have strengthened the cultural identity and have increased our standard of living by creating wealth in the economy. In the hierarchy of designs have gone to an extent of explaining how helpful machines are to our modern life. There has been a continued development and need for the machines to do the most complex work that cannot be done without the help of the machine. (Baker, 2007), Conclusions The innovation of machines has helped in the formation new tread of performing different duties. It was through the introduction of machine more complex work was done in a short time. This helped in improving on efficiency and increase in the quantity production.

Theories of Perception and Perception in the Workplace

Theories of Perception and Perception in the Workplace Perception Perception can be termed as the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. It can be understood as the way in which something is regarded, understood and interpreted. In our day to day activities we perceive things constantly. Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Various authors have defined Perception as follows : â€Å"The best and the most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen, nor touched†¦but are felt in the heart† Hellen Keller â€Å"To begin with, our perception of the world is deformed, incomplete. Then our memory is selective. Finally, writing transforms.† Claude Simon Perception includes our five senses i.e. touch, sight, taste smell and taste. It also involves the cognitive processes required to process information, such as recognizing the face of a friend or detecting a familiar scent. The perceptual process is a sequence of steps that begins with the environment and leads to our perception of a stimulus and an action in response to the stimulus. Most of the perception process takes place subconsciously. However what we perceive can be substantially different from objective reality. For example, we may view our workplace as a great place to work favourable working conditions, interesting job assignments, good pay, excellent benefits, understanding and responsible management but someone else may have a different view point than ours. This is due to the difference in our way of thinking or perception. The Perception Process consists of Three Steps: They are: Selection Organization Interpretation 1. Selection Selection is the process by which we attend to some things in our environment and not others. Because we are exposed to infinitely more data than we can possibly manage, the first thing our brain helps us do is select the data we want to attend to. Many things affect what data we select out of the environment to attend to, but this is primarily a matter of contrast: we are attracted to larger things against a smaller background and vice versa; things that move against a still background, and vice versa; things that repeat, things that are familiar in a strange environment, things that are different in a familiar environment, etc. For example if we are walking around a park we may focus on the swings and not the lake. This is due to the fact that we want to focus on the swings because we give greater importance to it. 2. Organization While we may have selected out and attended to particular data in the environment, many messages are still ambiguous – that is, we can ‘‘arrange’’ the data in more than one way. We all can remember from some training exercise or psychology class those pictures and images that challenged your perceptual abilities – like the one that is both the old haggardly woman and the beautiful young woman with a hat – but not at the same time? There are others that are common – lines that are both bent and parallel; grey spots that appear between squares, but are not ‘‘really’’ there in the physical data? Thats the same issue plaguing us. Importantly however, notice that in all cases, we cannot see the competing sets of stimuli at the same time. We cannot see the old woman and the young woman at the same time; we cannot see the lines as parallel unless we are told to look; we cannot see how the man continually ascends the staircase unless we look for other data. The fact that we see one thing and not the other is the way perception works in conflict. Of course, it’s the same physical picture for everyone, so what explains the discrepancy in ‘‘reality’’? Again, the same picture for everyone – the physical data don’t run around and rearrange themselves when we blink – so why don’t we see the same thing? 3. Interpretation The final perceptual process is interpretation, where we attach an assessment or evaluation to the data, or derive a particular understanding of the data. Our interpretations, as do our organizing schema, come from our mental models or frames of reference. Past experiences play an important role in how we interpret data, as well as our assumptions about human nature, and our expectations about people, things and events. How we interpret data is also influenced by personal mood, as well as ‘‘closure’’, which allows us to add finishing touches to an experience to reduce any uncertainty about the data. It is what allows us to finish another person’s sentence for them, or generalize what another person must be like based on what they are wearing or something they say. Various Studies Conducted on Perception There have been many research and studies done on Perception. Some of them are detailed below: 1. Self Perception Theory Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of  attitude  formation developed by  psychologist  Daryl Bem (1972).According to self-perception theory, people come to know themselves in the same way that they come to know others. They observe their own behaviors in a variety of situations and then they make attributions about their behaviors. Of course, people are free to make so-called fundamental attribution errors. Most of the time we prefer to attribute the causes of behaviors in others to personality traits or internal factors, rather than situational ones. We tend to think that another persons actions are caused by something within, rather than being caused by circumstances, or external, situational factors. The personality traits to which we attribute our own behaviors can be seen as self-definitions. This is especially true in the context of narratives about ourselves in psychotherapy. It may be useful to outline specifically how self-definition operates in counselling and psychotherapy. Such a model can serve to identify the stages of the process. It should also point out a basis for the reciprocal nature of therapy. Here is a proposed six-step outline of the self-definition process in counselling and psychotherapy. In a psychotherapy experience, people learn about themselves by observing their own behaviors: They observe and attend to the things they say about themselves in counselling sessions. The therapist encourages new behaviors, including new recognitions of feelings, new experiences and new cognitions. People then try out new behaviors, both in and out of the counselling sessions. With the counsellors help, they reflect on these new behaviors: What do these behaviors say about their self-definitions? They then redefine their selves according to their new behaviors. Feedback from others, including the counsellor and other members in a group counselling setting, allows them to monitor the changes. It may be that when this sequence occurs, therapists quite often notice that the therapy is â€Å"working.† Perhaps good counselling and psychotherapy experiences can be best understood as instances of heightened self-perception. 2. Extrasensory Perception Extrasensory perception or ESP refers to the sixth sense in an individual. It was coined by Dr. J. B. Rhine to denote psychic abilities. These psychic abilities included telepathy, clairvoyance, clairaudience and precognition or retro cognition associated with them. He believed that individuals perceive using their mind senses rather than the physical senses. Experiments and Findings Ina Jephson (1920) was one of the first person to conduct a study using cards on ESP. She reported mixed findings across two studies. G.N.M. Tyrrell conducted further experiments using target-selection and data-recording to guess the location of a point of light in future. Other experiments of paranormal cognition and ability to retrieve information through token objects were conducted by Whateley Carington and J. Hettinger respectively. In the 1960s, cognitive psychologyandhumanistic psychology were the centre of development. Therefore in line with them, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. Memory, for instance, was offered as a better model of psi than perception. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhines favoured forced-choice methodology. Free-response measures, such as used by Carington in the 1930s, were developed with attempts to raise the sensitivity of participants to their cognitions. These procedures included relaxation, meditation, REM-sleep, and the Ganzfeld (a mild sensory deprivation procedure). 3. Gregory (1970) and Top Down Processing Psychologist  Richard Gregory (1970) believed that perception is a hypothesis. Heargued that perception is a constructive process. It relies on the approach of top down processing. For  Gregory was of the opinion that perception involves making inferences and best guesses from what we see.He argued that people perceive using their past experiences as an anchor in his approach. When we see something, we develop a perceptual hypothesis based on prior knowledge. The hypotheses we develop are nearly always correct. However, on rare occasions, perceptual hypotheses can be disconfirmed by the data we perceive. 4. Gibson (1966) and Bottom Up Processing James Gibson (1966)  criticized Gregorys discussion citing it as artificial and of having no relevance in the real world. It is important to note that Gregory noted these as exceptions in his theory rather than a norm. Gibson was of the opinion that perception is direct. He believed that there is enough information in our environment to perceive directly.Gibson thought that perception is sensation and we get what we see. He believed that the information we receive about our environment w.r.t. to shape, distance, size, etc. is sufficiently detailed for us to form our own perception. For example, Gibsons support of the argument that perception is direct is parallax motion. As we move through our environment, objects which are close to us pass us by faster than those further away. This is most recognisable when we are moving in a fast car. Emerging trends and Challenges globally and in India Factors Affecting Perception in Workplace There are various factors that can affect an individuals perception in a workplace. These factors are responsible for the difference in attitudes among employees, absenteeism, turnaround, job satisfaction etc. The various factors are : Stereotyping: We sometimes see stereotyping in an organisation based on an employees field of work. The most common example is that of white-collar employees and blue-collar employees. The employees from both these stratas have a different perception of each other simply because the kind of work they do. Though both are contributing towards the growth of the organisation but stereotyping brings different perceptions among them Personal problems: Many a times the personal problems of a worker finds its way into his/her work life. These problems can include death, divorce, pregnancy etc. A worker going through a personal problem may be grateful that he has a job atleast and works hard to retain the same. On the other hand he sees is colleague as not being so grateful and perceives him/her as lazy. Cultural Difference: Cultural Differences may play a major role in development of perceptions among individuals. These occur due to the upbringing and the past experience of an individual. Asian employees have a tendency to focus more on the relationship with their employer compared to their western counterparts. In America and Britain the emphasis on time management which is secondary to Indian employees. Management Styles: If a manager does not interfere in the subordinates work and maintains a distance between them he may be perceived as one who does not care about the employees or their work. However if he interferes, he may be thought to be a person who does not trust anybody. Gender Bias: Gender bias and sexual harassment are burning issues that plague all organizations today. What constitutes sexual harassment and what does not is widely influenced by perception. Macabe and Hardman conducted a survey in Australia on sexual harassment and found that white-collar workers perceive and report sexual harassment more than blue-collar ones. The survey found that in white-collar organizations, most women experience sexual harassment. While men were more tolerant than women, women who had experienced it were most likely to report it. In blue-collar organizations, the type of harassment and the people most likely to report it were same but there were no gender differences as far as sexual harassment is concerned. Conclusion Perception is the way we perceive people, objects and events. A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver; in the object, or target, being perceived; or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made. When we look at a target and attempt to interpret what we see, our interpretation is heavily influenced by your personal characteristics our attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations. For instance, if we expect police officers to be authoritative or young people to be lazy, we may perceive them as such, regardless of their actual traits. The Perception theories too are not cent percent applicable in all cases. This is due to the fact that each individual is different and he has a separate way of thinking. I would like to conclude by saying that Perception is about PERCEIVING and it depends on the individual. References: Books Robbins , Judge and Vohra (2013) Organisational Behaviour Perception and Individual Decision Making In-text reference : (Robbin, Judge and Vohra,2013) Journals R. Michael Boneko (2011). Learning in conflict: revisiting the role of perception  Development and Learning Organizations VOL. 25 NO. 2 2011, pp. 15-17,  In-text reference : (R.Michael Boneko, 2011) Rostylsaw W. Robak (2001). Self-Definition in Psychotherapy: Is it Time to Revisit Self-Perception Theory?  North American Journal of Psychology, 15277143, 2001, Vol. 3, Issue 3  In-text reference : (Rostylsaw W. Robak, 2001) Ellis, A. (2000). Rational emotive behavior therapy.  In R. J. Corsini D. Wedding (Eds.), Current Psychotherapies (6[supth] ed., pp. 168–204). Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock Publishers.  In-text reference : (Ellis, A. ,2000) Websites Kendra Cherry Perception and the Perceptual Process.  Retrieved from the website : http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/  In-text reference : (Kendra Cherry) Boundless Psychology Sensation and Perception  Retrieved from the website:  https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/sensation-and-perception-5/the-basics-of-perception-39/selection-168-12703/  In-text reference : (Boundless Psychology) Wikipedia Perception Theories  Retrieved from the website : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/perception-theories.html  In-text reference : (Perception Theories)

The Cause And Effects Of Acid Mine Drainage Essay -- essays research p

The Cause and Effects of Acid Mine Drainage INTRODUCTION Imagine going fishing on a cool Autumn day, the trees are all different shades of orange, brown and red and the birds are singing their beautiful songs, but their is a serious problem because when you arrive at the river all plant and animal life are gone. This is by no means a recent phenomenon. This is due to the effects of acid rock drainage (ARD). This is a problem that has been occurring since ancient times, but it was not until the 1800's when fast growing industrialization and heavy mining that it caught alot of attention. Acid rock drainage is the term used to describe leachate, seepage, or drainage that has been affected by the natural oxidation of sulfur minerals contained in rock which is exposed to air and water. The major components of ARD formation are reactive sulfide minerals, oxygen, and water. Biological activity and reactions is what is responsible for the production of ARD. These reactions make low pH water that has the ability to mobilize heavy metals contained in geological materials with which it comes in contact. "ARD causes a devastating impact on the quality of the ground or surface water it discharges to. (Ellison & Hutchison)" ACID MINE DRAINAGE Within the mining process there are several sources that cause ARD. No matter what activities occur, ARD usually occurs when certain conditions are met. These conditions are the factors that limit or accelerate the release of ARD. The initial release of ARD can occur anywhere from a few months to many decades after the sulfide containing material is disturbed or deposited. ARD has been associated with mines since mining began. When ARD occurs due to the effects of mining it is called acid mine drainage, or AMD. The coal mining industry here in the eastern United States has been associated with a major source of AMD for decades. When water comes in contact with pyrite in coal and the rock surrounding it, chemical reactions take place which cause the water to gain acidity and to pick up iron, manganese and aluminum. Water that comes into contact with coal has a orange-red yellow and sometimes white color. The metals stay in the solution beneath the earth due to the lack of oxygen. When the water comes out of the mine or the bor... ...ansform organic material and nutrients.(Bastian 1993) Natural and constructed wetland have been used to treat wastewater. The first one that was ever constructed was in 1982. There are over 200 systems in Appalachia alone.(Bastian 1993) Even though this is safer for the ecosystem it is found that at most sites, chemical treatment is still necessary to meet efficient standards, but the costs of chemical treatment is greatly reduced with the initial biological treatment. Most operators find that the costs of the construction of the wetlands are made up within one year due to the money saved on chemicals. CONCLUSION In conclusion, acid rock drainage is a big problem all throughout the world due to alot of industrialization and mining. This is not only a serious problem around the world, it touches home here, especially here in Appalachia, but it seems to be under or getting under control with all the new regulations and standards the EPA is setting. Low pH and a high acidity level is harmful to us our wildlife and our plants. With the help of more education and more research it will not have to be a problem for our future.

Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore Essa

Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore The National Multiple Sclerosis Society is a non- profit organization that supports MS related research and provides programs for people with MS and their families. Multiple Sclerosis is an auto- immune disease. It is a chronic and often disabling disease that attacks the central nervous system. The mission statement of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society is to end the devastating effects of multiple sclerosis. The funds that are provided by the society are used in research, programs, and education. The Society helps to raise the awareness of Multiple Sclerosis around the world. (Reference 6) The Multiple Sclerosis Society is a worldwide organization that provides service to many different countries. One area of the world that the MS Society lacks in involvement is Southeastern Asia. MS does not appear in Asia nearly as much as in North America and Europe, but there are relevant cases. There are other parts of Asia such as Japan and India that have MS Societies. MS is also scarce in those areas and their societies are not as large as other chapters of NMSS, but it has been found that they are necessary. The Japanese society has 31 members and about 5000 people who have MS but are not involved in the society. In India the society has approximately 1005 members and 1000 people on record that have MS. (Reference 7) Putting a MS society in Southeastern Asia would be best suited in the country of Singapore. Singapore is a very prosperous country and has many international links. According to one source Chan Tse Chueen funding for non-profit organizations is very prevalent in Singapore. In Singapore there are three sources of funding. The first being the State that gives funds to social welfare organizations and research institutes. The government tries to encourage donations by pledging to match dollar – for- dollar that is raised. The second source is the corporate sector. Many corporations set up foundations and trust funds and also have donations as contribution in kinds. Companies in Singapore such as IBM Singapore and Hewlett Packard Company are dedicated to providing philanthropy to local organizations. The last source of funding is the civic sector. As the people of Singapore become more affluent more funds become available.(Reference 2) The marketing plan for NMSS in Singapore... ...n and benefit in that country. Conclusion Introducing the National Multiple Sclerosis Society into Singapore has its good sides and bad. The MS Society could benefit from the prosperous economy of Singapore and government and corporate support, but the factors that may not work are there may not be enough people in Singapore to benefit (not many with MS), also if societies are not exempt from taxes that may lead to financial problems for the society. Charities must incorporate the poor and societies are people who have common ends in this case Multiple Sclerosis. It would be difficult to change the MS society to a charity. It is certainly possible to introduce NMSS to other countries and many already have them. Even though NMSS in Singapore has its down side it might be able to work with some adaptation. References CIA World Fact Book 2000. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ Civicus. http://www.civicus.org/pages/singapihtml About HR. http://www.abouthr.com ChangeX: Currency Calculator. http://www.numa.com ExpatSingapore. http://www.expatsingapore.com National Multiple Sclerosis Society Fact Sheet World of Multiple Sclerosis. http://www.ifmss.org.uk/

How Pregnancy Impacted Her Life Health And Social Care Essay

After a brief debut, place one illustration of how gestation has impacted on this adult female and her household. You are expected to see either the sociological or psychological position of a normal version to gestation in this subdivision. The purpose of this essay is to analyze how gestation has impacted the life of a adult female and her household and the prenatal attention provided to the adult female during her gestation. The facets in the prenatal scrutiny being studied are the measuring of blood force per unit area and fundal tallness. These appraisals are both effectual in supervising the wellness and wellbeing of the female parent and the foetus and besides in observing when wellness and wellbeing are endangered ( Fontein 2009 ) . Sarah and John, the twosome in this survey, are in their late mid-twentiess and have been married for three old ages. Sarah is a gravida I, and 36 hebdomads into an un-planned gestation. The twosome are both professionals, Sarah holding worked as an air traffic accountant for the last 5 old ages and John running his ain belongings concern. All names have been changed to keep confidentiality and protect individuality, following with RCM guidelines that everyone has the right to confide ntiality. Before going pregnant, Sarah was in control of every facet of her life, including her work, her organic structure and how she spent her free clip. She has found this progressively hard as her gestation has progressed ; she is non merely confronting physical challenges but psychological 1s excessively, doing her to endure from many insecurities and anxiousnesss ( Forrest 2009 ) . Snow ( 2008 ) explains that there is a perceptual experience that maternity is an inevitable province that all adult females aspire to, nevertheless the intelligence of gestation can be accepted unconditionally or with many reserves ( Fontein 2009 ) . The twosome did non experience it was the right clip to get down a household, but did non see abortion or acceptance to be suited alternate, so made the determination to go on with the gestation. Sarah arrived at the 36 hebdomad prenatal assignment distressed, uncovering that it has become excessively hard for her to get by with the long hours and switch work that come with being an air traffic accountant, so she has had to take her pregnancy leave two hebdomads earlier than she hoped. Pregnancy is a clip of rapid and frequently unsought alterations in the organic structure ( Baston and Hall 2009 ) and Sarah is resentful of how these physical alterations have made working hard. Dunkley-Bent ( 2011 ) depict how it is frequently necessary to set working pattern for a pregnant adult female ‘s safety and comfort, but these alterations have caused Sarah to experience unequal and saddened over her lost professional individuality. Sarah worked difficult to accomplish her professional position and feels grieved that she has had to give up this place and enter domesticity, where her publicities and work accomplishments will hold small value ( Snow 2008 ) . Sarah ‘s overall loss of individuality has been one of the more hard passages for her to cover with during the gestation ; going a female parent requires a cardinal passage to a new individuality but there is struggle between this and a adult female ‘s old independency and life style ( Snow 2008 ) . In their personal life, Sarah and John have ever been active, traveling on skiing holidaies, cycling vacations and taking portion in athleticss such as jogging and spin categories. Due to her increasing size during gestation, a adult female may experience excessively tired, breathless and bulky to take portion in physical activity ( Paradice 2002 ) and Sarah has felt her size is restricting her exercising government. The rapid physical alterations that a adult female undergoes in gestation occur whether adult females want them to or non and some adult females can happen this alteration of physical individuality hard, go forthing her feeling vulnerable ( Spencer 2011 ) . Sarah has ever taken pride in her organic structure and like many adult females, her altering organic structure image has made her feel unattractive ( Fontein 2009 ) . Fontein ( 2009 ) depicts gestation as an event that turns a adult female into a female parent and a adult male into a male parent, so this alteration in individuality is non merely impacting Sarah, but besides John, as they are get downing to come in a new stage in their relationship. John feels that his friends are less inclusive of him and position him otherwise because of his pending function as a male parent. Often, if a twosome are the first among their friends to go pregnant, they may lose those friends as a consequence of come ining a phase in their life non understood by their equals ( Fontein 2009 ) . B ) Discuss one of the planned normal physical showing observations undertaken by the accoucheuse to measure the wellness of this adult female in the prenatal period. Describe the relevant implicit in normal anatomy and physiology and current grounds for this observation. During the prenatal assignment, a showing technique used to measure Sarah ‘s wellness is the measurement of her blood force per unit area, defined by Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) as the force applied on the blood vas walls by the blood. Blood force per unit area should be measured at every prenatal assignment to place any divergence from the norm ( National Collaborating Centre for Women ‘s and Children ‘s Health 2008 ) that may bespeak upsets such as preeclampsia. In a non-pregnant healthy grownup, blood force per unit area is around 120/80mmHg ; systolic force per unit area happening due to the left ventricle forcing blood into the aorta and diastolic force per unit area happening when the bosom is resting after complete cardiac diastole ( Waugh and Grant 2010 ) . During gestation, increasing degrees of Lipo-Lutin, relaxin and prostacyclin have a vasodilatory consequence on blood vas walls, diminishing peripheral vascular opposition and doing a little lessening in blood force per unit area ( Tucker Blackburn 2007 ) . Murray and Hassell ( 2009 ) suggest that by 24 hebdomads gestation the mean lessening Sarah would hold experienced is 5-10mmHg below her original systolic blood force per unit area and 10-15mmHg lessening in diastolic blood force per unit area. Vasodilation, caused by the lessening in peripheral vascular opposition, puts the organic structure in a province of hypovolaemia ( McNabb 2011 ) , which initiates a rise in shot volume, bosom rate and blood volume. This addition in blood volume is composed chiefly of a rise in plasma volume of up to 45-50 % , and secondly of ruddy cell mass, increasing by 20 % above non-pregnant values ; McNabb ( 2011 ) distinguishes between the clip frame of these alterations, with plasma volume increasing in the beginning of the first trimester and happening more quickly in the 2nd trimester, while ruddy cell mass enlargement begins in the 2nd trimester and reaches its extremum in the 3rd trimester. The addition in blood volume is thought to be tantamount to one liter ( Fraser and Cooper 2008 ) . Therefore from the center of gestation, Sarah ‘s blood force per unit area has bit by bit increased, and will return to pre-pregnancy degrees merely before term ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . The equipment used by a accoucheuse to mensurate blood force per unit area includes a sphygmomanometer, a turnup and a stethoscope. Measuring blood force per unit area is done by exercising a mensural sum of force per unit area on an arteria utilizing an inflatable turnup, which occludes the blood flow, and when the force per unit area is released the stethoscope is used to hear Korotkoff sounds, which occur as blood begins to flux back through the arteria ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . Anaeroid manometers are chiefly used as they are lightweight, compact and portable, even though they are non every bit accurate as quicksilver column manometers ; conversely, quicksilver is risky to wellness and no longer used ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . Donaldson and Ness ( 2009 ) suggest that the ideal topographic point for the turnup to be placed is the upper arm, three to five centimeters above the point at which the brachial arteria can be palpated, puting the stethoscope on this point. Inside t he turnup is an inelastic fabric that contains a vesica which should encircle 80 % of the adult female ‘s arm ( Edmunds et. al 2011 ) . It is when the vesica is inflated to a higher force per unit area than the arteria that the turnup occludes blood flow, doing it to discontinue ( Nicol et. al 2008 ) . As the turnup is deflated the five stages of the Korotfkoff sounds can be heard, get downing with weak tapping sounds that addition with strength ( Korotkoff stage I ) , bespeaking systolic force per unit area, and stoping with silence ( Korotkoff stage V ) , bespeaking diastolic force per unit area. In some grownups, particularly during gestation, ‘Korotkoff stage V ‘ may be absent ; Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) suggest that in these fortunes ‘Korotkoff stage IV ‘ , muffled sounds which become softer, should be used to bespeak diastolic force per unit area and it should be documented that stage IV was used. Techniques and differences in measuring will act upon the result of the blood force per unit area reading, so it is hence of import to be consistent and methodical when measuring blood force per unit area, doing the observation an accurate appraisal of perinatal wellness ( Blackburn 2007 ) . Sarah was encouraged to empty her vesica, allowed to rest for five proceedingss, assisted into a sitting place and asked to take compressing vesture on her upper arm as all these factors can bring forth a falsely high reading ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . Huston and Millar ( 2009 ) stress the importance of choosing the right turnup size, as a turnup that is excessively big will bespeak a falsely low reading, while a turnup that is excessively little will give a falsely high reading. The adult female should non hold had nutrient, intoxicant, caffeine, a coffin nail or exercising within the last 30 proceedingss as this will besides impact the blood force per unit area measuring ( Nicol et. al 2008 ) . Sarah was besides seated in a relaxed and quiet environment ( National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence 2011 ) with her arm outstretched and supported ; an unsupported arm can increase diastolic force per unit area by up to 10 % ( O'Brien et. Al 2003 cited in Edmunds et. al 2011 ) . Sarah had antecedently had her blood force per unit area measured at old prenatal assignments, but when testing for the first clip the procedure should be explained and discussed with the adult female, doing certain that informed consent is gained at every measuring ( Nursing and Midwifery Council 2012 ) . The recommended process harmonizing to Walker ( 2011 ) , Edmunds et. Al ( 2011 ) and NICE ( 2011 ) advises that on the initial contact with the adult female, blood force per unit area should be done on both the left and right arm, entering the higher of the blood force per unit area readings. It is besides recommended that before the stethoscope is used to hear the Korotkoff sounds, the pulsation in the brachial arteria should be palpated, blow uping the turnup and feeling for when the pulsation is no longer tangible ; this value should so be the estimation of the systolic reading ( Quayle 2008, Nicol et. al 2008 ) and when mensurating blood force per unit area the turnup should be inflated to 30mmHg above this estimation to forestall unneeded uncomfortableness ( Nice 2011 ) . However, this is non ever what is practiced when blood force per unit area has been measured antecedently, as a old measuring is frequently used by the accoucheuse as an estimation. Sarah ‘s blood force per unit area was in the normal scope and consistent with her old measurings so although the symptoms of preeclampsia were discussed, i.e. frontal concerns and hydrops, there was no concern or necessitate for farther probe. degree Celsius ) Midwives assess and screen foetal well-being by mensurating uterine growing. Describe the relevant implicit in normal anatomy and physiology. Then discuss an observation that the accoucheuse undertakes to measure fetal/uterine growing guaranting that you apply current grounds and see its effectivity as a tool. Symphisis fundal height measuring is an abdominal scrutiny used to test and measure foetal growing and size, assisting to observe when there is a divergence from the normal patterned advance of growing ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . It is the most common method used to measure foetal growing and as the fundus moves in a cephalic way the findings can be plotted against a standard curve, bespeaking the general form foetal growing ( Stables 2005 ) . Before gestation, the womb has a volume of and weight of about 50 gms ( McNabb 2010 ) and is located in the pelvic pit, anterverted and anteflexed, in a superior place to the vesica ( Coad and Dunstall 2011 ) . Tucker Blackburn ( 2007 ) explains that enlargement of the uterus Begins instantly after nidation of the fertilized ovum, overall increasing in length, weight, deepness, breadth, volume and capacity and this causes it to lose its anteverted and anteflexed construction ; it becomes vertical before being rotated to the right due to force per unit area of the colon ( Coad and Dunstall 2011 ) . Growth is stimulated by Lipo-Lutin, human chorionic gonadotropin, oestrogen, Pitocin and dilatation caused by the placenta, amnionic fluid and turning foetus ( McNabb 2010 ) . By 12 hebdomads, the uterine pit is filled by the foetus, leting the fundus to be palpated at the pelvic lip ( Coad and Dunstall 2011 ) . During the 2nd trimester, the uterus becomes ovoid as its length increases more than it width ; the spherical form of the fundus going more dome form as it is distended in a cephalic way ( Tucker Blackburn 2007 ) so by 16 hebdomads, the fundus is about midway to the navel ( Bharj and Henshaw 2011 ) . This growing causes the womb to travel into the abdominal pit so by 20 hebdomads gestation the tallness of the uterine fundus can be felt at the maternal navel and by the 3rd trimester, the womb reaches about to the liver ( Tucker Blackburn 2007 ) . By 36 hebdomads, the weight of the womb has increased to 1100 gms with an mean volume of 5 liters ( McNabb 2010 ) and the fundus can be felt at the maternal xiphisternum ( Bharj and Henshaw 2011 ) . Coad and Dunstall ( 2011 ) explain that throughout this expanision of the womb the uterine musculus undergoes hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and the uterine wall additions in thickness to 10 to 25mm. This so thins to 5 to 10mm by term gestation due to distention, leting for easier tactual exploration of the foetal place, incr eased visibleness of motions and more accurate symphisis fundal tallness measuring ( Tucker Blackburn 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the National Collaborating Centre for Women ‘s and Children ‘s Health ( 2008 ) measuring should happen at every everyday prenatal assignment between 25 and 36 hebdomads, as any clip before this the information is non accurate and hence has no clinical value. As Sarah is within this bracket of gestation, this appraisal was offered to her and her consent was gained to mensurate and feel her venters. To fix a adult female for any abdominal scrutiny, including mensurating the symphisis fundal tallness, an account should be given before, during, and after the process, guaranting that informed consent is gained before get downing the scrutiny ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) and that findings are discussed throughout the scrutiny ( Viccars 2009 ) . Care should be taken to guarantee the adult female is comfy, with her weaponries by her side to let relaxation of the abdominal musculuss ( Fraser and Cooper ) and that she non in a to the full supine place, particularly in ulterior gestation, to avoid aortocaval occlusion ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . A survey undertaken by Engstrom et. Al ( 1993 cited by Viccars 2009 ) compared the different places that abdominal tactual exploration can be achieved in, such as supine, bole lift and articulatio genus flexure, and came to the decision that there were important differences between each place when mensurating fundal tallness. In reponse to this, Viccars ( 2009 ) recommends that it is of import to do certain the adult female is systematically in the same place at each prenatal cheque. Sarah was encouraged to empty her vesica, as a full vesica can do the scrutiny uncomfortable and besides can change the tallness of the fundus, hence impacting the truth of the measuring ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . It was besides ensured that Sarah ‘s self-respect was maintained, as the old organic structure image issues described may do embarrassment and malaise when exposing her venters. This is the instance for m any other adult females, particularly if they have old cicatrixs, suffer from striae gravidarum, or have ocular harm from domestic force ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . Fraser and Cooper ( 2008 ) suggest that merely the portion of the venters that is being palpated should be exposed and the balance should be covered for privateness. The effectivity of utilizing symphisis fundal height measuring as a tool to place divergence from the norm depends on the consistence of the method used by the practician and besides on the uterine environment ( Viccars 2009 ) . If the practician undertakes the measuring the same manner each clip so this should increase sensitiveness and specificity, cut downing false positives and false negatives. However, due to uncertainness of where to take the measuring from, differences in methods between testers and differences in maternal place, the usage of symphisis fundal tallness to mensurate foetal growing has been criticised as being inaccurate ( Baston and Hall 2009 ) . Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) emphasizes that when measured systematically, a fundal tallness inconsistent with gestation normally identifies if a foetus is smaller or larger than expected, but can besides acknowledge complications such as inaccurate day of the months, polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, multiple gestation, uterine mass e.g. cyst or tumor, and intrauterine decease. Differences in the adult female ‘s organic structure and uterine environment are beyond the practician ‘s control so may non needfully let an accurate measuring as possible. False positives or negatives may happen if the adult female is corpulent, thin, taller than norm, shorter than norm or has excessively much or excessively small abdominal musculus tone ( Stables 2005 ) . Abnormal prevarication of the foetus such as transverse, rear of barrel, oblique and occipito-posterior can besides do a fundal tallness inconsistent with gestation and hence non bespeaking the right growing when utilizing fundal height as a showing tool ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . The symphisis fundal tallness measurings can be plotted on a symphisis fundal height chart, which represents the mean findings for gestational age and indicates what turning pattern the foetus is following ( Nice 2008 ) . When utilizing the measuring alongside th is chart, a survey conducted by Gardosi and Francis ( 1999 cited by Baston and Hall 2009 ) found that there was an addition in the sensing of both little and big babes for their gestational age. The fundus of Sarah ‘s womb is located utilizing a manus on her venters, puting it merely below the maternal xiphisternum and traveling gently downwards, until the fundus is felt, indicated by a alteration in soundness of the venters ( Viccars 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) , 0cm on the disposable tape step should be placed on the upper boundary line of the symphisis pubic bone, whereas Baston and Hall ( 2009 ) suggest that the measuring should get down from the fundus. The tape step was placed along the midplane of Sarah ‘s venters, between the fundus and the symphisis pubic bone, held swimmingly and firmly. Johnson and Taylor ( 2011 ) advise that the centimetre side of the tape step is placed downwards, as the measuring could go colored if the tallness is altered to nearer the existent gestation of the adult female, instead than being a true measuring. The fundal tallness in centimeters approximately equates to the hebdomad of gestation, with a bord er of mistake of plus or minus 2cm ( Johnson and Taylor 2011 ) . At 36 hebdomads in a gravida I the caput may be engaged, doing the fundus to be somewhat lower and step at about the degree of a 34 hebdomad gestation ( Bharj and Henshaw 2011 ) . This was the instance when mensurating Sarah, and she confirmed that she has experienced ‘lightening ‘ ; Tiran ( 2012 ) explains that this is occurs when the foetal caput enters the pelvic lip and is accompanied by decreased force per unit area under the stop. In decision,